Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Consultant Engineer
Retired Director of Irrigation
Global Overview
While 67% of Earths surface is
covered by water,
only less than 2.7% of global water is
freshwater.
Most of the freshwater (2.05%) are
locked in ice caps and glaciers.
Only less than 0.7% is available for
human use.
Oceans
97.5%
Glaciers,
Ground
Snow &
water
permafrost 0.075%
1.725%
Lakes,
swamps &
rivers
0.025%
Ocean
Ice caps & glaciers
Groundwater
Lakes
Soil Moisture
Atmosphere
Streams & rivers
Biosphere
1370
29
9.5
0.125
0.065
0.013
0.0017
0.0006
97.25
2.05
0.68
0.01
0.005
0.001
0.0001
0.00004
Hydrologic Cycle
Water in China
According to the World Bank forecast, Mainland
China has only a per-capita share of 2700 cubic
meters per annum, one fourth of the world's
average at present.
Half of China's 617 largest cities face water
deficits. Beijing is among the most water-short.
The areas south of the Yangtze River, China's
longest, which account for only 36.5 per cent of
the country's total territory, have 80.9 per cent of
its total water resources. However the areas north
of the Yangtze, which make up 63.5 per cent of
China, possess only 19.1 per cent of total water
resources.
Drought Cycles
Every continent has regions of scarce
rainfall due to topographic effects or
wind currents.
Water shortages have most severe effect
in semiarid zones where moisture
availability is the critical factor in plant
and animal distributions.
WATER WARS
Majority
Minority
By
majority
By
minority
DEMAND
For Drinking
Each day a person drinks 2-4 litres of water and eats food that
requires 2,000 5,000 liters of water in its production. Hence
providing the basic water needs to people is not a water problem
but a political problem and a challenge especially in the light of
population increase.
Availability of Water
Of the total volume of 120,000 MCM rainfall received in Sri Lanka,
70% is used for irrigation, 6% for domestic and industrial
purposes, while about 23% of the total volume escapes to the sea
as runoff through 103 river basins and 54 small drainage basins.
The amount of surface water indirectly available is nearly 36%.
The remainder is lost as evaporate-transpiration (ET).
An increase to 21.7 million by 2025 has been projected by the
Demographic and Health Survey 2000, and World Population
Policies, 2003.
Objectives of IWRM
To provide training in key principles and themes
of Integrated Water Resources Management
(IWRM).
To show IWRMs key linkages to development and
to addressing poverty reduction, water and
health, and water and food (MDGs).
To train trainers to apply IWRM principles for
awareness raising and capacity building in
advising decision makers and in preparing
curriculum in IWRM training.
To plan implementation strategy and actions for
About Water .
A Single Resource has no
substitute
A Limited Resource
A Scarce Resource (or is it?)
Has Social, Economic, and
Environmental Value (social and
environment are recent)
A Unique Resource
Every organism, individual, and
ecosystem on the planet depends
on water for survival.
Water impacts all aspects of life on
the planet
Poor water management and
water shortages can lead to
disease, malnutrition, reduced
economic growth, social instability,
conflict, and environmental
disaster.
Approaches to Water
Management
Ad hoc
Economic Analysis -- Single
Project or Basin
Multi-Objective Planning
Comprehensive Multi-Purpose
River Basin Planning and
Management
Strategic Planning and
Implementation through IWRM
Demand
Quality Degradation
Cost of Options
Inefficient use
IWRM
Why IWRM?
Globally accepted and makes good
sense.
Key element in national water
policy.
Incorporates social and
environmental considerations
directly into policy and decision
making.
Directly involves the stakeholders.
Is a tool for optimizing investments
under tight financing climate.
Stakeholder Input
Donor Input
Other Input
Review &
Evaluation
Resources
Assessment &
Analysis
Use Assessment
& Analysis
Resource
Allocation
Strategy
Implementation
& Monitoring
Resource
Development &
Management
Plan
Dimensions of IWRM
Infrastructure for
management of
floods and
droughts,
multipurpose
storage, water
quality and source
protection
Policy/
Institutional
framework
Water supply
& sanitation
Irrigation &
drainage
Energy
Environmental
services
Other uses
including
industry and
navigation
Management
instruments
Political economy
of water
management
Water Uses
GWP
Ground water
Groundwater is derived largely from direct
rainwater seepage and the recharge from
surface water bodies such as streams, canals
and reservoirs.
There are many different types of aquifers of
groundwater in Sri Lanka is found in the Miocene
limestone deposits in the Dry Zone areas of the
north and north-east, which extend over about 250
km
The coastal sand aquifer area in the north-west is
particularly important for agriculture.
The total groundwater availability in the island
from infiltration, percolation and sub-surface
circulation is estimated to be around 7,250 7,800
IRRIGATION
At the global level, irrigation has
ensured the global food supply and raised
millions out of povertyespecially in Asia.
For many developing countries investments
in irrigation will continue to represent a
significant proportion of investments in
Agriculture. However, it has been
documented that new investments will
focus more on enhancing productivity of
existing systems by upgrading
infrastructure and forming management
processes.
The major irrigation systems in place
provide water for around 60% of the
Ad hoc
Economic Analysis -- Single
Project or Basin
Multi-Objective Planning
Comprehensive Multi-Purpose
River Basin Planning and
Management
Strategic Planning and
Implementation through IWRM
New Challenges
New Hydropower Projects in
sustainable development manner
Augmentation of Existing Irrigation
Projects
Rehabilitation & Improvement of
existing Reservoirs
Rehabilitation of Irrigation Net works
Rehabilitation of Existing Water
Supply schemes
Over 350 Large/Medium Dams, Head works and TransBasin canals of the country are aging and suffering from
various structural deficiencies and shortcomings in
operation and monitoring facilities.
The National Hydrological and Hydro-meteorological data
collection network and its Information System (HMIS) are
grossly outdated, inadequate and need upgrading &
modernization.
institutional
arrangements
and
coordination
for
efficient
management
of
water
infrastructure
and
hydrometrological
information
system in the water sector
institutions
need
new
knowledge, skills and modern
management practices.
Competition among different
sectors
and
users
are
increasing
dramatically
resulting in disputes and
conflicts which need reexamining the development
potential and feasibility of the
Mitigation of Environmental
Impacts
32 Large Dams of the country
identified as high risk to the public
safety , will be fully rehabilitated.
80 Large Dams ( including above 32
Dams) will be provided Basic Safety
Facilities .
Critical issues of Senanayaka
Samudraya, Samanalawewa, Polgolla
Tunnel, Minipe Trans basin canal and
Victoria Dam will be studied and make
recommendation for remedial actions
Training Staff for Institutional
strengthening of dam owning
organizations
Cultural Property
Project will not have any
intention to replace such
valuable properties by new
structures
During this effort, project
seek
technical
assistances
from
Archeological
Department.
History of
Water
First water supply scheme Labugama in 1881 ; supplied
raw water to Colombo city.
Suppl in Sr Lank
y
i a
Jewel Filters
(Labugama)
Productio
n
NWSDB OPERATIONAL
SCHEMES
Total pipe
born
SOURCE
coverage 30%
CONTRIBUTION
Surface
94%
Water
Ground
6%
Water
in dry
zone
UNICEF
AD
B
District
s
-- Kandy
District & Vavunia Districts
Kurunegala
- Anuradhapura,
Monaragala &
Hambantota Districts
- Anuradhapura, Puttalam, Hambantota,
Monaragala, Kalutara & Kegalle Districts
area
s
Capital
Investment
Tariff Structure
resource
s
Availability of
water
Conflicts
among different
water
Pollution free
water
Pollution
Policy onPrevention
siting of
Industries
Soil erosion
Salinity
user
s
backwash
Intercept sewe for BEP
or
r
Z
Carrousal Oxidation
Ditch
Aerated
Lagoon
recover
y
Floatatio
n
Centrifug
e
Establishment of industries
independently
catchment preservation
Resettlement
Threats of climate
change
Salinity
intrusion
Water scarcity
Regional
Establishment
of mechanism to
Framework
share
developme
nt
idea
s
Criteria of
Development
corporation
framework
Planning
Authority to guide developme
the
nt
Irrigation
Urban
development
Forestry
Residential
Industries
etc.
Recommendatio
nsRecommendable good practices &
lesions
Catchment preservation
learned
Avoiding location of heavy polluting
industries
Monitoring river water quality
Creating awareness
Let not a
drop of water that falls on
land
single
go in to thethe
sea without serving the
people
Parakrama
Bahu I
King of Sri Lanka (1153