Pass-band Data Transmission

Dr. Teerasit Kasetkasem

Block Diagram

Functional model of pass-band data transmission

system.

Signaling

Illustrative waveforms for the three basic forms of

signaling binary information. (a) Amplitude-shift keying.
(b) Phase-shift keying. (c) Frequency-shift keying with
continuous phase.

What do we want to study?

We

are going to study and compare

different modulation techniques in terms of
Probability

of errors
Power Spectrum
Bandwidth efficiency
Rb

Bits/s/Hz

Coherent PSK
Binary

Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)

Consider

and

the system with 2 basis functions

2
1 t
cos 2f c t
Tb
2
2 t
sin 2f c t
Tb

BPSK

If we want to fix that for both symbols (0 and 1) the

transmitted energies are equal, we have
2
s0

s1

1
s0

We place s0 to minimize
probability of error

BPSK
We

found that phase of s1 and s0 are 180

degree difference. We can rotate s1 and
2
s0
s1

s0

Rotate

BPSK
2

s0

s1

observe that 2 has nothing to do with

signals. Hence, only one basis function is
sufficient to represent the signals

We

BPSK
Finally,

we have
s1 t Eb 1 (t )

2 Eb
cos 2f c t
Tb

2 Eb
s0 t Eb 1 (t )
cos 2f c t
Tb

BPSK

Signal-space diagram for coherent binary PSK system.

The waveforms depicting the transmitted signals s1(t) and
s2(t), displayed in the inserts, assume nc 2.

BPSK
Probability

of error calculation. In the case of

equally likely (Pr(m0)=Pr(m1)), we have
d ik
1
Pe erfc
2 N
2
0

1
erfc

Eb
N0

BPSK

Block diagrams for (a) binary PSK transmitter and (b)

coherent binary PSK receiver.

Quadriphase-Shift Keying (QPSK)

si t
T

2E

cos 2f c t 2i 1 ; 0 t T
T
4

is symbol duration
E is signal energy per symbol
There are 4 symbols for i = 1, 2, 3, and 4

QPSK
2
2

si t E cos 2i 1
cos 2f c t E sin 2i 1
sin 2f c t
4 T
4 T

E cos 2i 1 1 t E sin 2i 1 2 t ; 0 t T
4
4

Which

we can write in vector format as

4
si

E sin 2i 1
4

E cos 2i 1

QPSK
i

Input Dibit Phase of

QPSK
signaling
/4

10

3 / 4

00

5 / 4

01

11

7 / 4

Coordinate of
Message point
si1
E/2
E/2

E/2

E/2

si2
E/2

E/2
E/2
E/2

QPSK
2
(01)

s3

s2
(00)

s4 (11)

s1
(10)

QPSK signals

QPSK

Block
diagrams of
(a) QPSK
transmitter
and (b)
coherent
QPSK
receiver.

QPSK: Error Probability QPSK

Consider

signal
constellation
given in the
figure

Z3
(10)

s3

Z4
s4 (11)

E/2
E/2

s2

Z2
(00)

Z1

E/2
s1

E / 2 (10)

QPSK
We

can treat QPSK as the combination

of 2 independent BPSK over the interval
T=2Tb
the first bit is transmitted by 1 and
the second bit is transmitted by 2.

since

Probability

given by

of error for each channel is

d12
1
P erfc
2 N
2
0

1 erfc

E
2N0

QPSK
If

symbol is to be received correctly both bits

must be received correctly.
Hence, the average probability of correct
decision is given by Pc 1 P 2
Which gives the probability of errors equal to

Pe 1 PC erfc

erfc

2N0

E
2N0

1 erfc 2
4

E
2N0

QPSK
Since

one symbol of QPSK consists of two

bits, we have E = 2Eb.

Pe per symbol erfc

Eb
N0

The

above probability is the error probability

per symbol. The avg. probability of error per bit

1
1
Pe per bit Pe per symbol erfc

2
2

Which

Eb
N0

is exactly the same as BPSK .

BPSK vs QPSK
Power spectrum density of BPSK vs. QPSK

BPSK
QPSK

1.8
1.6
Normalized PSD, Sf/2E b

1.4
1.2
1

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Normalized frequency,fTb

1.6

1.8

QPSK
Conclusion
QPSK

is capable of transmitting data twice

as faster as BPSK with the same energy per
bit.
We will also learn in the future that QPSK
has half of the bandwidth of BPSK.

OFFSET QPSK
90 degree shift in phase

2
(01)

s3

s2
(00)

s4 (11)

s1
(10)

180 degree shift in phase

OFFSET QPSK

OFFSET QPSK
Whenever

both bits are changed

simultaneously, 180 degree phase-shift
occurs.
At 180 phase-shift, the amplitude of the
transmitted signal changes very rapidly
costing amplitude fluctuation.
This signal may be distorted when is
passed through the filter or nonlinear
amplifier.

OFFSET QPSK
2
1
0
-1
-2

Original Signal
2
1. 5
1
0. 5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2

Filtered signal

OFFSET QPSK
To solve

the amplitude fluctuation

problem, we propose the offset QPSK.
Offset QPSK delay the data in
quadrature component by T/2 seconds
(half of symbol).
Now, no way that both bits can change
at the same time.

OFFSET QPSK
In

the offset QPSK, the phase of the

signal can change by 90 or 0 degree
only while in the QPSK the phase of the
signal can change by 180 90 or 0
degree.

OFFSET QPSK
Inphase
QPSK
1

0. 5

-0.5

-1

1
4

Q phase
QPSK
0. 5

-0.5

-1

1
1

0
4

2
1

QPSK

10

-1
-2

01
1

10

00
6

Inphase
Offset QPSK
0.5

-0.5

-1

Q phase
Offset QPSK
0.5

-1

-0.5

2
1

Offset QPSK
-1
-2

10

10

01

00
7

Offset QPSK

Possible paths for switching between the

message points in (a) QPSK and (b) offset QPSK.

OFFSET QPSK
Bandwidths

of the offset QPSK and the

regular QPSK is the same.
From signal constellation we have that

Pe erfc

Which

E
2N 0

QPSK.

is exactly the same as the regular

/4-shifted QPSK
Try

to reduce amplitude fluctuation by

switching between 2 signal constellation

/4-shifted QPSK

As the result,
the phase of the
signal can be
changed in
order of /4 or
3/4

/4-shifted QPSK
Since

the phase of the next will be varied in

order of /4 and 3/4, we can designed the
differential /4-shifted QPSK as given below

Gray-Encoded Input Data

Phase Change in radians

00

+/4
+3/4
-3/4
-/4

01
11
10

/4-shifted QPSK:00101001
Step

Initial Input Dibit Phase Transmitted

phase
change
phase

/4

00

/4

/2

/2

10

-/4

/4

/4

10

-/4

01

3/4

3/4

/4-shifted QPSK
01

10

QPSK

01

10

0
-2

0.5

1.5

2
2.5
OFFSET
QPSK

3.5

4.5

0.5

1.5

2
2.5
D OFFSET
QPSK

3.5

4.5

0.5

1.5

3.5

4.5

2
0
-2
1
0
-1

2.5

/4-shifted QPSK
Since

we only measure the phase

different between adjacent symbols, no
phase information is necessary. Hence,
non-coherent receiver can be used.

Block diagram of the /4-shifted DQPSK

detector.

/4-shifted QPSK

Illustrating the
possibility of phase
angles wrapping
around the positive
real axis.

M-array PSK
At

a moment, there are M possible

symbol values being sent for M different
phase values, i 2 i 1 / M
si t

2E
2

i 1 ,
cos 2f c t
T
M

i 1,2, , M

M-array PSK

Signal-space diagram
for octaphase-shift
keying (i.e., M 8). The
decision boundaries are
shown as dashed lines.
Signal-space diagram
illustrating the
application of the union
bound for octaphaseshift keying.

M-array PSK
Probability

of errors

d12 d18 2 E sin / M

Pe erfc

E
sin / M ;
N0

M 4

M-ary PSK
0

10

-10

Probability of Symbol errors

10

-20

10

-30

10

-40

10

QPSK
8-ary PSK
16-ary PSK

-50

10

10

15
Eb/N0 dB

20

25

30

M-array PSK
Power

Spectra (M-array)

S PSK ( f ) 2 E sinc 2 Tf
2 Eb log 2 M sinc 2 Tb f log 2 M
M=2,

we have

S BPSK ( f ) 2 Eb sinc 2 Tb f

M-array PSK

Power spectra of M-ary PSK

signals for M 2, 4, 8.

Tbf

M-array PSK

Bandwidth efficiency:
We only consider the bandwidth of the main lobe
(or null-to-null bandwidth)
2 Rb
2
2
B

T Tb log 2 M log 2 M

Bandwidth efficiency of M-ary PSK is given by

Rb
Rb

log 2 M 0.5 log 2 M

B 2 Rb

M-ary QAM
QAM

= Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

Both Amplitude and phase of carrier
change according to the transmitted
symbol, mi.
2E0
2E0
si t
a i cos 2f c t
bi sin 2f c t ; 0 t T
T
T

where ai and bi are integers.

M-ary QAM
Again,

we have

2
1 t
cos 2f c t ;0 t T
T
2
2 t
sin 2f c t 0 t T
Tb

as the basis functions

M-ary QAM
QAM

square Constellation

Having

even number of bits per symbol,

denoted by 2n.
M=L x L possible values
Denoting L M

16-QAM

(3,3)
(3,1)

(1,3)
(1,1)

(3,3)
(3,1)
ai , bi
(3,1) (1,1) (1,1) (3,1)

(3,3) (1,3) (1,3) (3,3)

(1,3)
(1,1)

L-ary, 4-PAM
16-QAM

16-QAM
Calculation

of Probability of errors

Since

both basis functions are orthogonal,

we can treat the 16-QAM as combination of
two 4-ary PAM systems.
For each system, the probability of error is
given by

1
d
Pe 1 erfc
2 N
L

1 1 erfc

E0
N0

16-QAM
A

symbol will be received correctly if data

transmitted on both 4-ary PAM systems are
received correctly. Hence, we have
Pc symbol 1 Pe 2

Probability

of symbol error is given by

Pe symbol 1 Pc symbol 1 1 Pe 2
1 1 2 Pe Pe 2 2 Pe

16-QAM
Hence,

we have

Pe symbol 2 1
erfc
M

But

E0
N0

because average energy is given by

2 E0 L / 2
2 M 1 E0
2
E av 2
2i 1
3
L i 1

We

have

Pe symbol 2 1
erfc
M

3E av
2 M 1 N 0

Coherent FSK
FSK

= frequency shift keying

Coherent = receiver have information on
where the zero phase of carrier.
We can treat it as non-linear modulation
since information is put into the
frequency.

Binary FSK
Transmitted

signals are
2 Eb
cos 2f i t , 0 t Tb
Tb

si t

0,

where
nc i
fi
; i 1,2
Tb

elsewhere

Binary FSK
S1(t)

represented symbol 1.

S2(t)

represented symbol 0.

This

FSK is also known as Sundes FSK.

It is continuous phase frequency-shift
keying (CPFSK).

Binary FSK
There

are two basis functions written as

2
cos 2f i t , 0 t Tb
Tb

i t

0,

As

elsewhere

a result, the signal vectors are

Eb

s1

and s 2

0
Eb

BFSK
the figure, we have d12 2 Eb
In case of Pr(0)=Pr(1), the probability of
error is given by
From

1
Pe erfc

We

Eb
2N0

observe that at a given value of Pe,

the BFSK system requires twice as much
power as the BPSK system.

TRANSMITTER

RECEIVER

Power Spectral density of BFSK

Consider the Sundes FSK where f1 and f2 are different

by 1/Tb. We can write
si t

2 Eb
t
cos 2f c t
Tb
Tb

t
t
2 Eb
2 Eb
cos cos 2f c t
sin sin 2f c t
Tb
Tb
Tb
Tb

We observe that in-phase component does not

depend on mi since
t
2 Eb
cos
Tb
Tb

t
2 Eb

cos
Tb
T
b

Power Spectral density of BFSK

We

have

S BI f F

For

gt

t
2 Eb

cos
Tb
Tb

Half of the symbol power

2

Eb
2Tb

1
f
2Tb

1
f

2Tb

the quadrature component

t
2 Eb
sin
Tb
Tb

S BQ

8EbTb cos 2 Tb f

2 4Tb2 f 2 1

Power Spectral density of BFSK

Finally,

we obtain

S B ( f ) S BI ( f ) S BQ ( f )

Phase Tree of BFSK

FSK

signal is given by
s t

At

2 Eb
t
cos 2f c t
Tb
Tb

t = 0, we have
s 0

The

2 Eb
0

cos 2f c 0
Tb
Tb

2 Eb
cos 0
Tb

phase of Signal is zero.

Phase Tree of BFSK

At

t = Tb, we have
s Tb

2 Eb
Tb

cos 2f c Tb
Tb
Tb

2 Eb
cos
Tb

observe that phase changes by after

one symbol (Tb seconds). - for symbol 1
and + for symbol 0

We

We

can draw the phase trellis as

Minimum-Shift keying (MSK)

MSK

tries to shift the phase after one

symbol to just half of Sundes FSK
system. The transmitted signal is given
by

s t

2 Eb
cos 2f 2 t 0 for "0"
Tb

2 Eb

cos 2f c t t
Tb

2 Eb
cos 2f1t 0 for "1"
Tb

MSK
Where
Observe

h
t 0 t
Tb

that

h
f1 f c
2Tb

and

h
f2 fc
2Tb

1
f c f1 f 2
2

MSK
h

= Tb(f1-f2) is called deviation ratio.

For

Sundes FSK, h = 1.
For MSK, h = 0.5.
h cannot be any smaller because the
orthogonality between cos(2f1t) and cos(2f2t)
is still held for h < 0.5.
Orthogonality guarantees that both signal will
not interfere each other in detection process.

MSK
Phase

trellis diagram for MSK signal 1101000

MSK
Signal

s(t) of MSK can be decomposed

into
s t

2 Eb
cos 2f c t t
Tb
2 Eb
2 Eb
cos t cos 2f c t
sin t sin 2f c t
Tb
Tb

s I t cos 2f c t sQ t sin 2f c t

where

t 0

t ;0 t Tb
2Tb

MSK
Symbol

(0)

(Tb)

/2

-/2

-/2

/2

MSK
For

the interval Tb < t 0, we have

t 0
t ;Tb t 0
2Tb

note here that the for the interval

-Tb<t 0 and 0< tTb may not be the same.

Lets
We

know that

t
t
t
sin 0 sin

cos 0
cos 0 cos
2Tb

2Tb
2Tb

MSK
(0) can be either 0 or depending on
the past history. We have

Since

t
t
t
cos

cos 0
cos 0 cos
2Tb

2Tb
2Tb

for (0) = 0 and - for (0) =

Hence, we have
+

t
2 Eb
s I (t )
cos
Tb
2Tb

;Tb t Tb

MSK
Similarly

we can write

t Tb
t Tb
2Tb
for

0< tTb and Tb < t2Tb. Note the + and -

may be different between these intervals.

Furthermore,

we have that (Tb) can be /2

depending on the past history.

MSK
Hence,

we have

t Tb
t Tb
t Tb

sin Tb
cos Tb sin
sin Tb cos

2Tb
2Tb
2Tb

t
t
sin Tb cos
cos Tb sin

2Tb 2
2Tb 2

we

have that (Tb) can be /2 depending

on the past history.

t
t
t Tb

sin Tb

cos

sin

2Tb

2Tb 2
2Tb

MSK
Hence,

we have

t
2 Eb
sQ (t )
sin
Tb
2Tb

;0 t 2Tb

for (Tb) = +/2 and - for (Tb) = -/2

The

basis functions change to

t
2
1 t
cos
Tb
2Tb

2 t

cos 2f c t ;0 t Tb

t
2
sin
Tb
2Tb

sin 2f c t ;0 t Tb

MSK
We
s t

write MSK signal as

2 Eb
2 Eb
cos t cos 2f c t
sin t sin 2f c t
Tb
Tb
2t
2t
2 Eb
2 Eb
cos 2f c t
sin 2f c t
cos 0 cos
sin Tb sin
Tb
Tb
Tb
Tb

E b cos 0 1 (t ) E b sin Tb 2 (t )
s11 (t ) s 2 2 (t )

Where s1 Eb cos 0

and

s 2 Eb sin Tb

MSK
Symbol

(0)

s1

(Tb)

Eb

/2

Eb

Eb

-/2

Eb

Eb

-/2

Eb

Eb

/2

s2

Eb


1
Pe erfc

Eb
N0

Phase:

/2

/2

/2

-/2

MSK
We

observe that MSK is in fact the

t
the pulse shape
QPSK having cos
2Tb

Block

diagrams for transmitter and

receiver are given in the next two slides.

Tb

x1 x(t )1 (t )dt
Tb

2Tb

x 2 x(t ) 2 (t )dt
0

4
MSK
BPSK
QPSK

3.5

Normalized PSD, S(f)/E b

3
2.5
2

1.5
1
0.5
0

0.2

0.4

0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Normalized Frequency, fTb

1.6

1.8

MSK
Probability

of error of MSK system is equal to

BPSK and QPSK
This due to the fact that MSK observes the
signal for two symbol intervals whereas FSK
only observes for single signal interval.
Bandwidth of MSK system is 50% larger than
QPSK.
2

32 E b cos 2Tb f

S MSK ( f )

2 16Tb2 f 2 1

Noncoherent Orthogonal Modulation

Noncoherent

implies that phase information is

not available to the receiver.
As a result, zero phase of the receiver can
mean any phase of the transmitter.
Any modulation techniques that transmits
information through the phase cannot be used
in noncoherent receivers.

Noncoherent Orthogonal Modulation

sin(2ft)

sin(2ft)

cos(2ft)

cos(2ft)

Receiver

Transmitter

Noncoherent Orthogonal Modulation

It

is impossible to draw the signal constellation

since we do not know where the axes are.
However, we can still determine the distance
of the each signal constellation from the origin.
As a result, the modulation techniques that put
information in the amplitude can be detected.
FSK uses the amplitude of signals in two
different frequencies. Hence non-coherent
receivers can be employed.

Noncoherent Orthogonal Modulation

Consider

the BFSK system where two

frequencies f1 and f2 are used to represented
two 1 and 0.
The transmitted signal is given by
s (t )

2E
cos 2f i t ; i 1,2,0 t Tb
T

is that is unknown to the receiver.

For the coherent receiver, is precisely known
by receiver.

Problem

Noncoherent Orthogonal Modulation

Furthermore,
s (t )

we have

2E
cos 2f i t
T

2E
2E
cos cos 2f i t
sin sin 2f i t
T
T
si11 (t ) si 2 2 (t )

To get

rid of the phase information (), we use

the amplitude
s t si21 si22 E cos 2 E sin 2 E

Noncoherent Orthogonal Modulation

Where
T

0
T

0
T

si1 s(t )1 (t )dt x1 x(t )1 (t )dt

si 2 s(t ) 2 (t ) dt x 2 x(t ) 2 (t )dt

The

amplitude of the received signal

1/ 2
2
2
T

li x(t ) cos 2f i t dt x(t ) sin 2f i t dt

0
0

Quadrature Receiver using

correlators

Quadrature Receiver using Matched

Filter

Noncoherent Orthogonal Modulation

rule: Let m mi if li > lk for all k. For
examples, decide m m1 if l1 > l2

Decision

This

decision rule suggests that if the envelop

(amplitude) of the received signal described in
term of cos(2f1t) is greater than the envelop of
the received signal described in term of
cos(2f2t), we say s1(t) was sent.

Noncoherent Matched Filter

Noncoherent Orthogonal Modulation

Consider

the output of matched filter of

cos(2fit).
T

y (t ) x t cos 2f i T t x( ) cos 2f i T t d
0

y (t ) cos 2f i (T t ) x( ) cos 2f i d
0
T

- sin 2f i (T t ) x( ) sin 2f i d
0

Noncoherent Orthogonal Modulation

Envelope

at t=T is

li x( ) cos 2f i d

Which

x( ) cos 2f i d

is exactly the same as in

correlator receiver

2 1/ 2

Generalized binary receiver for noncoherent orthogonal

modulation.

Quadrature receiver equivalent to either one of the two

matched filters in part

Noncoherent Orthogonal Modulation

Probability

of Errors

1
E

Pe exp
2
2N 0

Noncoherent: BFSK
For

BFSK, we have

2 Eb
cos 2f i t ; 0 t Tb
Tb

si t

; elsewhere

Noncoherent: BFSK

Noncoherent: BFSK
Probability

of Errors

Eb
1

Pe exp
2
2N 0

DPSK
Differential
Instead

PSK

of finding the phase of the signal on

the interval 0<tTb. This receiver determines the
phase difference between adjacent time intervals.
If 1 is sent, the phase will remain the same
If 0 is sent, the phase will change 180 degree.

DPSK
Or

we have

s1 (t )

and

s 2 (t )

Eb
cos 2f c t ;
2Tb

0 t 2Tb

Eb
cos 2f c t ;
2Tb

Tb t 2Tb

Eb
cos 2f c t ;
2Tb

0 t 2Tb

Eb
cos 2f c t ;
2Tb

Tb t 2Tb

DPSK
In

this case, we have T=2Tb and E=2Eb

Hence,

the probability of error is given by

Eb
1

Pe exp
2
N0

DPSK: Transmitter
d k bk d k 1 bk d k 1

DPSK
{bk}

1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1

{dk-1}

1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0

Differential
encoded {dk}

1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0

Transmitted
Phase

0 0 0 0 0

DPSK: Receiver

DPSK: Receiver
From

the block diagram, we have that the

decision rule as
say 1
l x x I 0 x I 1 xQ 0 xQ1

say 0

If

the phase of signal is unchanged (send 1)

the sign (+ or -) of both xi and xQ should not
change. Hence, the l(x) should be positive.
If the phase of signal is unchanged (send 0)
the sign (+ or -1) of both xi and xQ should
change. Hence, the l(x) should be negative.

Signal-space diagram of received DPSK

signal.