SWAMI RAMANANDA TIRTHA INSTITUTE OF

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

TECHNICAL SEMINAR
ON

SYNTHETIC APERTUTRE RADAR SYSTEM

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
K.Hymavathi,
Associate Professor,
M.Tech,
ECE Department.

Presented By
B.Nishitha
12141A0453

INTRODUCTION:
RADAR=Radio Detection And Ranging
Radar is a system for detecting the presence, direction, distance, and

speed of aircraft, ships, and other objects, by sending out pulses of

radio waves which are reflected off the object back to the source.
It uses electromagnetic waves.
It enjoys wide range of applications.

PRINCIPLES OF RADAR
HOW DOES RADAR WORK
TRANSMITTER

RADAR PULSE

CIRCULATOR

RECEIVER

"TARGET"

Since radar pulses propagate at the speed of light, the difference to the
target is proportional to the time it takes between the transmit event and
reception of the radar echo

SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR

Aperture

Optics : Diameter of the lens or mirror. The larger the

aperture, the more light a telescope collects. Greater
detail and image clarity will be apparent as aperture
increases.

2.4m Hubble Space Telescope

10m Keck, Hawaii
16.4m VLT (Very Large Telescope), Chile
50m Euro50
100m OWL (Overwhelmingly Large T.)

SAR POLARIMETRY
SCATTERER AS POLARIZATION TRANSFORMER
Transverse electromagnetic waves are characterized mathematically as 2-

dimensional complex vectors. When a scatterer is illuminated by an

electromagnetic wave, electrical currents are generated inside the
scatterer. These currents give rise to the scattered waves that are
reradiated.
SCATTERED WAVES

INCIDENT WAVE
SCATTERER

Mathematically, the scatterer can be characterized by a 2x2 complex

scattering matrix that describes how the scatterer transforms the incident
vector into the scattered vector.
The elements of the scattering matrix are functions of frequency and the
scattering and illuminating geometries.

INTERFEROMETRIC SAR PROCESSING GEOMETRY

Ra nge S phe re

D opple r C one
Ba se line
V e ctor
Aircra ft
P osition

V e locity
V e ctor

P ha se C one
S ca tte re r is a t inte rse ction of Ra nge
S phe re , D opple r C one a nd P ha se
C one

DIFFERENTIAL INTERFEROMETRY
HOW DOES IT WORK?

THREEPASSREPEATTRACK:
Twodifferentbaselines:

Incidenceanglethesame
Absoluterangethesame
Useparallelrayapproximationtoshowthat
ifnothingchanged,

B1

B2

SAR Possibilities
Optimum ML change detection:
d1 = F1 g + n1 d2 = F2 (g + ) + n2
Can obtain both g and the change in closed form.

GMTI: Incorporate moving targets into signal

model. Can estimate target position, direction,

and velocity vector.
Motion compensation:
Allow for errors in both data d and regressors F using

weighted total least-squares techniques.

Estimate SAR trajectory using known strong targets
of opportunity.

SAR Systems modes

Target the Earth or planets
Vehicle stationary, airborne, satellite, or spaceship
Mode monostatic and/or biostatic
Carrier frequency X, C, S, L, and/or P bands
Polarisation HH, VV, VH, HV (single-pol, dual-pol, full-pol)
Imaging geometry strip, scan, spot
<examples>

SIR-C/X-SAR: space shuttle, mono, L/C/X, full-pol.

ERS-1/2, Envisat: Earth satellite, mono, C, VV.

SRTM: space shuttle, mono/bistatic, C/X, HH/VV.

Arecibo Antenna: planetary, stationary, mono/bi, multi-bands, multi-pol.

Magellan, Cassini SAR: Venus and Titan, mono, S, HH.

AIRSAR/TOPSAR: airborne, mono/bi, L/C/P, full-pol

Advantages
high resolution capability (independent of flight altitude)
weather independence by selecting proper frequency range
day/night imaging capability due to own illumination
complementary to optical systems
polarization signature can be exploited (physical structure,
dielectric constant)

SAR Applications

Cartography DEM, DTM

Geology Geological Mapping
Seismology Co-seismic displacement field
Volcanology Prediction of volcano eruption
Forestry Forest classification, deforest monitoring
Soil Science Soil moisture
Glaciology Glacier motion
Oceanography Ocean wave, wind, circulation, bathymetry
Agriculture Crop monitoring
Hydrology Wetland assessment
Environment Oil spill, hazard monitoring
Archaeology Sub-surface mapping

Future Work
Imposing Block Structure
If the structure of FHF could be made to be Toeplitz, or have a

block diagonal structure with small diagonal blocks, then

inversion of FHF would be easy.

Signal Design
Design the signal waveform to make FHF have a structure that is

easily invertible. This may require transmitting a different pulse

signal at each azimuth position. It may also require using pulse
coded waveforms instead of chirps.

Antenna design
Suppose an antenna array is used. Then the array weights

could be designed and made to vary with time in a fashion that

imposes structure on FHF that makes it easy to invert.