Understand the concepts of incident

2.1.1 Define incidents

2.1.2 Define accidents
2.2 Understand principle of incidents prevention
2.2.1 Explain principle of incidents prevention
2.3 Recognize causes of incident
2.3.1 Classify the types of incident
2.3.2 Determine three model of accident theory
a. Heinrichs Theory
b. Multiple Causation Theory
c. Bird Loss Causation Model
2.3.3 Discover the three basic causes of incident
a. Basic causes
b. Indirect causes
c. Direct causes
2.4 Understand incidents prevention costs
2.4.1 List the design costs
2.4.2 List the operational costs
2.4.3 List safe guarding of the future costs
2.5 Know accident prevention programme
2.5.1 State management commitment in accident prevention
2.5.2 Develop the accident prevention planning
2.5.3 Determine the accident prevention training

An unexpected, unplanned event in a sequence of events.

That occurs through a combination of causes.
Which result in :
Physical harm ( injury, ill-health or disease ) to an individual
Damage to property
A near miss
Any combination of these effects.

Legal
Human right
Business

Accident prevention is an essential part of good management and of

good workmanship.
Management and workers must fully cooperate.
Top management must take the lead in organising safety.
There must be definite and known safety policy in workplace.
The organisation and resources necessary to carry out the policy
must exist.
The best available knowledge and method must be applied.

Cause immediate injury or damage to

equipment or property
-a forklift dropping a load
- Someone falling off a ladder.

Occur over an extended period

-Hearing loss
- Illness resulting from exposure to chemicals.

Domino Theory
Loss causation model
Multi causality Accident Model

Introduced by Herbert W.Heinrich ( 1930 ).

Injury from an accident is the result of a series of events that is
dependent on each other.
-Injuries are caused by accidents
- Accidents are caused by unsafe acts and unsafe condition.
- Unsafe acts and unsafe condition are caused by the faults of
person.
- Faults of person are caused by a personal flaw such as violent
temper, nervousness or ignorance.
- The injured worker s ancestry and social environment.
ancestry
person

Hazard
accidents
Injuries
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Refers to the facts that there may be more that one cause to
any accident.
Example: Someone who had tripping accident over a piece of
wood lying on a floor in a dark walkway.
Cause A
( poor lighting
)

Cause B
( Not look
where going )

Accident ( Trip)

Cause C
( Wood in
walkway )

Introduced by Frank E. Bird ( 1970 ).

Revised Heinrich Domino.
Blaming management
Threshold Limit
Lack of
Control

Basic
causes

Immediate
causes

Inadequate sys

Personal factors

Substandard act/practice

Inadequate Stand
Job/syt factors

Incidents

Loss

Event

unintended harm or
Damage

Subst. Conditio

Inadequate Compliance

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Insured : RM 1

uninsured :
RM 8~36
Accident Cost
Iceberg

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i ) Design cost: Installing machine guard to protect worker

ii) Operational cost : Running a Safety Department ( training, PPE )
iii) Planning and consequence- limiting cost
Safeguarding the future, cost for environmental sampling, safety
audit.

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All injuries and occupational illness are preventable

Management is directly responsible for doing this
Safety is condition of employment
Training is required
Safety audit and inspection must be carried out.
Deficiencies must be corrected
All unsafe practices, incidents and injury accidents will be
investigated.
Safety away from work is as important as safety at work.
Accident prevention is cost effective; the highest cost is human
suffering.
Employees must be actively involved.

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