By

Khairun Nisa Berawi, dr

THE FIELD OF PHYSIOLOGY

1. Viral Physiology
2. Bacterial Physiology
3. Cellular Physiology
4. Plant Physiology
5. Human Physiology

More complex

Characteristic of Life
1.

Organization is the condition in which the part of

an organism have relationship to each other and the
parts interact to perform specific functions.

2.

Metabolism is all of the chemical reactions taking

place in an organism

3.

Responsiveness is the ability of an organism to

sense changes in its external or internal environment
and adjust to those changes

4.

Growth happens when cells increase in size or number which

produces an overall enlargement of all or part of the organism

5.

Development includes the changes an organism undergoes

through time; it begins with fertilization and ends at death.
Development usually involves growth, differentiation (change
in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized),
and morphogenesis (change in shape of tissues, organs, and the
entire organism).

6.

Reproduction is the formation of new cells or new organisms

References
1. Textbook of MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY by Arthur C. Guyton
and John E Hall.
10th Edition.
W.B. SAUNDERS
COMPANY
2. HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY.
The mechanism of Body
Function. Arthur Vander; James Sherman; Dorothy Luciano.
8th Ed. 2001. McGraw-Hill
3. ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY by Rod R. Seeley, Trent D.
Stephens, and Philip Tate. 6th Edition. 2003. McGraw-Hill.
www.mhhe.com/seeley6

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVE

After attending the course of Physiology, student would be able
to apply the principle normal value of body organ functions to
evaluate the disease

SCOPE OF PHYSIOLOGY
1. Characteristics of life
2. Homeostasis

Characteristic of Life
1. Organization is the condition in which the part of an
organism have relationship to each other and the parts interact
to perform specific functions.
2. Metabolism is all of the chemical reactions taking place in an
organism
3. Responsiveness is the ability of an organism to sense
changes in its external or internal environment and adjust to
those changes

4. ..

4. Growth happens when cells increase in size or number which

produces an overall enlargement of all or part of the organism
5. Development includes the changes an organism undergoes
through time; it begins with fertilization and ends at death.
Development usually involves growth, differentiation (change
in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized),
and morphogenesis (change in shape of tissues, organs, and
the entire organism).
6. Reproduction is the formation of new cells or new organisms.

Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the condition in which body function, fluids, and other
factors of the internal environment are maintained at levels suitable
to support of life
Negative feedback
a. Negative-feedback mechanisms operate to maintain homeostasis
b. Many negative-feedback mechanism consist of a receptor, control
center, and effector
Positive Feedback
a. Positive-feedback mechanisms usually increase deviation from
normal
b. Although a few positive-feedback mechanisms normally exist in the
body, body positive-feedback mechanism are harmful

b. Negative feedback control of

body temp.

a. Component of a
negative feedback
a.Feed
control
Back
a.Deviation in controlled variable
a.Controll variable restored to norm
b.Fall in body temp.bellow set point
b.Increase in body temp.to set poin
b.Neg.
FB
a.Compensatory response
a.Sensor
b.Up heat prodc.through shivering
b.Temp.-monitoring nerve cells
Other means

a.Integrator
b.Temp.control center

a.Effector(s)
b.Skeletal muscles
(and other effectors)

The depicted interdependent relationship sewrves as the

foundation for modern-day physiology; homneostasis is
essential for the survival of cells, body system maintain
homeostasis, and cells make up body system
maintain
Body systems

Make up

Homeostasis

Is essential for
survival of

Cells

Specific Instructional Objective

After attending the cell discussion, student would be able to
explain the molecular factors that responsible for the principle
function of the cells as the smallest basic units of life

The main function of the cell

1. Basic unit of life. The cell is the smallest part; retain the
characteristic of life
2. Protection and support. Cells produce and secrete various
molecules that provide protection and support of the body
3. Movement. All the movements of the body occur because of
molecules located within the specific cells.
4. Communication. Cells produce and receive chemical and
electrical signal that allow them to communicate with one
another
5. Cell metabolism and energy release. The chemical reactions that
occur within the cells are referred to collectively as cell
metabolism. Energy released during metabolism is used for the
cell activities.
Sub topic ..

SUBTOPICS
1. Plasma membrane
2. Movement through the plasma membrane
3. Overview of cell metabolism
4. Cellular aspects of aging

1.
2.

3.

All organisms are composed of cells

Cells are the basic units of structure and
function in organism
All cells come from preeexiting cells

Levels of Organization in body:

- Chemical level
- Cellular level
- Tissue level
- Organ level
- Body system level
- Organism level

The cell

(Fig.1C)

GENERAL FUNCTION : MANUFACTURE

Nucleus : DNA synthesis; RNA synthesis; assembly of ribosomal

subunits (in nucleus)

Ribosomes : polipeptide (protein) synthesis

Rough ER : Synthesis of membrane proteins, secretory proteins,

and hydrolytic enzymes; formation of transport vesicles

Smooth ER : Lipid synthesis; carbohydrate metabolism in liver

cells; detoxification in liver cells; calsium ion storage

Golgi apparatus : Modification, temporary storage, and transport

of macromolecules; formation of lysosomes and transport vesicles

GENERAL FUNCTION: BREAKDOWN

Lysosomes : Digestion of nutrients, bacteria, and damaged

organelles; destruction of certain cells during embryonic
development

Peroxisomes ; Diverse metabolic processes, with breakdown of

H2O2 by product

Vacuoles : Digestion (like lysosomes) ; storage of chemicals; cells

enlargement; water balance

GENERAL FUNCTION : ENERGY PROCESSING

Chloroplasts (in plants and some protists):

Conversion of light energy to chemical of sugars

Mitochondria : conversion of chemical energy of

ATP

GENERAL FUNCTIONS : SUPPORT, MOVEMENT, AND

COMMUNICATION BETWEEN CELLS

Cytoskeleton (including cillia, flagella, centriols

in animal cells)

Cell walls

Extracellular matrix (in animal)

Cell junction

Assignment

Define cytoplasm and cytosol

What are the two general functions of the cytoskeleton?

Describe and list the function of microtubules, actin filaments, and

intermediate filaments

Define and give examples of cytoplasmic inclusions. What are

lipochromes?

Define organelles

Describe and list the functions of chromosomes. Explain the structure of

centrioles

What are spindle fibers? Explain the relationship between centrosomes,

spindle fibers, and kinetochores of chromosomes during cell division

8.

Contrast the structure anf function of cilia and flagella

9.

Describe the structure and function of microvilli. How are microvilli

different from cilia?

10. What kinds of molecules are in ribosomes? Where are the ribosomal
subunits formed and assembled?
11. Compare the functions of free ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum
ribosomes
12. How is the endoplasmic reticulum related to the nuclear envelope? How
are the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum related to the rest of the
cytoplasm?
13. What are the functions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
14. Describe the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus

15. Describe the production of a protein at the endoplasmic reticulum and its
distribution to the Golgi apparatus. Name three ways in which proteins
are distributed from the Golgi apparatus
16. Define secretory vesicles
17. Describe the process by which lysosomal enzymes digest phagocytized
materials. Define autophagia
18. What is the function of peroxisomes? How does catalase protect cells?
19. Describe the structure and function of proteasomes
20. What is the function of mitochondria? What enzyme are found on the
cristae and in the matrix? How can the number of mitochondria in a cell
increase?
21. How might a cellular clock, death genes, DNA damage, free radicals, or
mitochondrial damage contribute to cellular aging?

2. Plasma membrane

1. The outermost component of a cell

2. Consists 45 50% lipids, 45 50% proteins, 4 8% carbohydrate
3. .

2. Plasma membrane

3.
4.

27

Carbohydrates combine with lipid to form glycolipids, and with protein to form
glycoproteins. Glycocalyx is the collection of carbohydrates, glycolipids, and
glycoproteins on the outer surface of the plasma membrane
.

2. Plasma membrane

4.

Substances inside the plasma membrane are intracellular, and outside are
extracellular sometimes called intercellular

5.

Encloses and supports the cell contents

6.

28

2. Plasma membrane

6.

Attaches cells to the extracellular environment or other cells

7.

To able the cell to recognize and to communicate with each other

8.

..

29

2. Plasma membrane

8.
9.

Determines what move into and out of cells different the extra & intracellular environment
Regulates the movement of ions as a result of the existence of membrane
potential (outside is positively and inside is negatively charged)

30

Composition of the plasma membrane

Membrane lipids
1.

Predominantly phospholipids and cholesterol

2.

Phospholipids readily assemble to form a lipid bilayer that have a polar

(charged) head and a nonpolar (uncharged) head. The polar is hydrophilic
which exposed to water inside and outside the cell. The nonpolar is
hydrophobic tails which face one another in the interior of the plasma
membrane

Composition of the plasma membrane

Membrane lipids
4.

Cholesterol accounts for about one third of the total lipids which is
interspersed among the phospholipids

5.

The amount of cholesterol determines the fluid nature of the membrane.

The proteins
1.

Determine the function of the plasma membrane

2.

Give structure of fluid mosaic model

3.

The proteins
3

The position are integral (intrinsic) that penetrate deeply into the lipid bilayer
and extend from one surface to the other, consist of hydrophilic and
hydrophobic R groups; and peripheral (extrinsic) that are attached either the
inner or outer surface and usually bound to integral protein

The proteins
4.

Function as markers, attachment sites, channels, receptors, enzymes, or

carriers.

5.

The functions depend on their three dimensional shapes and their chemical
characteristics.

Membrane Protein

Cell surface marker

Glycoproteins on the surface allow cells to
identify one another

Globular proteins in the

plasma membrane

Membrane protein ..

Membrane Protein

Attachment site
Proteins (integrins) in the plasma membrane attach to extracellular molecules
Membrane protein ..

Receptor protein

Membrane protein ..

THE CHANNEL PROTEINS

1. Some region of the protein are helical. Each
helical region can be depicted as cylinder

2. In some membrane proteins, the helical region

form circle with a channel in the center

3. The ring of cylinders can be depicted as a 3-D

globular structure with a channel in the center.
This is called a channel protein

4. The channel protein can be depicted cut in half

to show the channel

5. The cut channel protein is depicted within the

plasma membrane

Membrane proteins ..

Receptors linked to channel proteins

Some protein are ligand gated ion channel. When ligands bind to the receptor
sites, this combination alters the the three-dimensional structure causing the
channels either to open or to close change the permeability of the plasma
membrane.

The bounded ligand open the channel

Membrane proteins ..

Receptors linked to G proteins

Some membrane-bound molecules

function by altering the activity of a G
protein complex that consisted of three
proteins called alpha, beta, and gamma,
located on the inner surface of the
plasma membrane. When a ligand
attaches the receptor the G-protein is
activated and stimulate a cell response.

Membrane proteins ..

Enzyme in the plasma

membrane

Some membrane proteins

function as enzyme

This enzyme in the plasma membrane breaks the peptide bound of dipeptide
to produce two amino acids.
Membrane proteins ..

Carrier proteins

Carrier proteins are integral

proteins that move ions or
molecules from one side of the
plasma membrane to the other. The
carrier proteins have specific
binding sites to which ions or
molecules attach on one side of the
plasma membrane. The carrier
protein change its conformation to
move the ions or molecules to the
other side of the plasma membrane.

Assignment:
1.

What are the major function of the cell?

2.

What are the difference between light and electron microscope?

3.

Define glycolipid and glycoprotein. Describe the difference between

integral and peripheral proteins in the plasma membrane

4.

List two functions of marker molecules

5.

Describe and give the function of integrins

6.

Define nongated ion channel, ligand-gated ion channel, and voltage-gated

ion channel. What determines the function of a channel protein?

7.

To what part of a receptor molecule does a ligand attach? Give two

examples of how a ligand can bind to a receptor in the plasma membrane
and cause a response in the cell

8.

Give an example of the action of an enzyme in the plasma membrane

3. Movement through the selectively permeable

plasma membrane
Objectives:
a.

Describe the four ways by which substances can move through the plasma
membrane

b.

Describe the factors that affect the rate and the direction of diffusion of the
solute in a solvent

c.

Describe diffusion and osmosis

d.

Describe the processes of facilitated diffusion, active transport, and

secondary active transport

Movement Through the Plasma Membrane

1.

Lipid-soluble molecules pass through the plasma membrane readily by

dissolving in the lipid bilayer

2.

Small molecules pass through membrane channel. Most channel are

positively charged, allowing negatively charged ions and neutral
molecules to pass through more readily than positive charged ions

3.

Large polar substances (e.g., glucose and amino acids) are transported
through the membrane by carrier molecules

4.

Larger pieces of materials enter cells in vesicles