Measurements in Fluid Mechanics

058:180 (ME:5180)
Time & Location: 2:30P - 3:20P MWF 3315 SC
Office Hours:

4:00P 5:00P MWF 223B-5 HL

Instructor: Lichuan Gui

lichuan-gui@uiowa.edu
Phone: 319-384-0594 (Lab), 319-400-5985 (Cell)
http://lcgui.net

Lecture 5. Dynamic response of measuring systems

odels of dynamic response

Dynamic measuring system - at least one of inputs is time dependent
Description of dynamic response - differential equation that contains time derivatives.
- Linear dynamic response: linear differential equation
- Non-linear dynamic response: non-linear differential equation

Simple dynamic response

- approximated by single, linear, ordinary differential equation with constant coefficients

x input

y output

t time

constant coefficients: ai , i=1,2,,n ; bj , j=1,2,,m

Zero-order systems
K static sensitivity
- time independent
- example of zero-order systems: electric resistor

odels of dynamic response

First-order systems
K static sensitivity

time constant
- example of first-order systems: thermometer

Second-order systems

K static sensitivity
damping ratio
n undamped natural frequency
=0: undamped second-order system
0<<1: underdamped second-order system
=1: critically damped second-order system
>1: overdamped second-order system
Damped natural frequency (for 0<<1):
- example of second-order systems: liquid manometer

Type of input
Unit-step (or Heaviside) function

- A relative fast change of the input from

one constant level to another.
Unit-impulse (or Diracs delta) function

for continuous function f(x):

- A sudden, impulsive application of different

value of input, lasting only briefly before it
returns to the original level

Type of input
Unit-slope ramp function

- A gradual change of the input, starting from

a constant level persisting monotonically.

Periodic function
- Function f(t)
with period T
so that f(t)=f(t+nT)

- Can be decomposed in Fourier series

namic response of first-order system

K static sensitivity

time constant

Step response

Assume y(t)/K is the measurement of x(t),

measurement error:

t/

x/A

37%

13.5%

5%

1.8%

namic response of first-order system

time constant

K static sensitivity
Impulse response

t/

-x/A

37%

13.5%

5%

1.8%

Ramp response

t/

-(x/A)

37%

13.5%

5%

1.8%

namic response of first-order system

K static sensitivity
Frequency response

time constant

As , B/A 0, and -/2. Thus a first-order system acts like a low-pass filter.
9

namic response of second-order system

n undamped natural frequency

damping ratio

Step response

- Damping ratio determines response

- Critically damped & overdamped system output
increases monotonically towards static level
i.e. high n expected for desired output
- output of underdamped system oscillates about
the static level with diminishing amplitude.
i.e. high n expected for desired output
- Lightly damped system (<<1) are subjected to
large-amplitude oscillation that persist over a
long time and obscure a measurement.
i.e. should be avoided

10

namic response of second-order system

n undamped natural frequency

damping ratio

Impulse response
- undamped system with large-amplitude oscillation
- underdamped system oscillates with diminishing amplitude.

- Critically damped & overdamped system output

increases monotonically towards static level

Ramp response

11

namic response of second-order system

n undamped natural frequency
Frequency response

damping ratio

- Critically damped & overdamped systems act

like low-pass filters and have diminishing
output amplitudes
- Undamped systems have infinite output amplitude
when =n
- Underdamped systems with
present a peak at resonant frequency.

- Underdamped systems with

have no resonant peak

12

amic response of higher-order and non-linear system

Dynamic analysis by use of Laplace transform
- Laplace transform of time-dependent property f(t) :

- Inverse Laplace transform:

- Differentiation property of Laplace transform:

Experimental determination of dynamic response

Direct dynamic calibration suggested when measuring system exposed to time-dependent inputs
- square-wave test: input switched periodically from one level to another
- frequency test: sinusoidal input of constant amplitude and varying frequency

13

stortion, loading and cross-talk

Flow distortion
- caused by instrument inserted in flow
Loading of measuring system
- measuring component extracts significant power from flow
Instrument cross-talk
- output of one measuring component acts as undesired input to the other

14

Homework
- Read textbook 2.3-2.4 on page 31-41
- Questions and Problems: 10 on page 43

- Due on 09/05

15