Chapter 3:

Organization and
Presentation of Data

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
A frequency distribution table is a
device for organizing and
presenting grouped data.

The ff. steps in constructing the table may

be helpful:
1. Find the range, R, using the formula:
R = Highest score Lowest score
2. Compute for the number of intervals, n,
by using the formula:
n = 1+ 3.3 log N
Where: n = number of class intervals
N = population or total # of
observations
3. Compute for the class size, i, using the
formula:
i = R/n

4. Using the lowest score as lower limit, add (i 1) to

it to obtain the higher limit of the desired class
interval.
5. The lower limit of the second interval may be
obtained by adding the class size to the lower limit of
the first interval. Add (i 1) to the result to obtain the
higher limit of the second interval.
6. Repeat step 5 to obtain the third class interval, and
so on, and so forth.
7. When the n class intervals are completed,
determine the frequency for each class interval by
counting the elements.

Example:
Construct the Frequency distribution
table of the data below:
Age of Patients in Hospital X, June 2004
25

28

27

30

32

25

31

26

29

31

20

21

32

18

50

53

60

50

54

45

40

37

25

20

27

32

24

29

30

25

24

10

13

15

28

( i 1) =
interval

Ages of Patients in Hospital X, June 2004

AGE (IN YEARS)

TALLY MARKS

FREQUENCY

60 - 68

51 59

II

42 50

III

33 41

II

24 32

IIIII IIIII IIIII - IIIII

20

15 23

IIIII

6 14

III

N = 36

For example:
a. Class mark
b. Class boundaries

a. Class mark
It is the midpoint of class interval. To
obtain this point, add the lower limit
and the upper limit, then divide the
sum by two(2).
Lower limit + Upper limit = Class
marks
two(2)

Frequency Distribution of the Patients

in
Hospital X, according to Age
CLASS INTERVALS
CLASS MARKS
60 68

64

51 59

55

42 50

46

33 41

37

24 32

28

15 23

19

6 14

10

b. Class boundaries
These is also known as the exact
limits, and can be obtained by
subtracting 0.5 from the lower limit of
an interval and adding 0.5 to the upper
limit of the interval.
Lower limit 0.5 = Class boundaries
Upper limit 0.5 = Class boundaries

Frequency Distribution of Patients

in Hospital X, according to Age
CLASS INTERVALS

LOWER CLASS
BOUNDARIES

UPPER CLASS
BOUNDARIES

60 68

59.5

68.5

51 59

50.5

59.5

42 50

41.5

50.5

33 41

32.5

41.5

24 32

23.5

32.5

15 23

14.5

23.5

6 14

5.5

14.5

CORRELATED DATA:
A correlated set of data is a table
where two or more frequencies are
shown for easy comparison.

TIME SERIES DATA:

This data shows the change of a
variable over a period of time.
Population of Region B, 1995-2003
YEAR

POPULATION

100,000

150,000

180,100

200,500

250,505

260,00

GRAPHS
Methods of Graphing:
1. Bar Graph
2. Line Graph
3. Pie Chart
4. Frequency Histogram
5. Frequency Polygon
6. Cumulative Frequency Ogive
7. Relative Frequency

BAR GRAPH
Bar graphs are usually presented to
compare data or determine which
class or interval is common or appears
frequently in the text. Rectangular or
bars are used to show variations in the
frequencies of observations.

LINE GRAPH
To show trends and increases or
decreases in sales, scores, body
temperatures of patients, enrolment of
students in certain courses or
population per year, a line graph is
more appropriate to use than a bar
graph.

PIE CHART
A pie chart is useful when presenting
the sizes of components that make up
a certain whole entity.

FREQUENCY HISTOGRAM
One of the kinds of graphs which can
be applied for grouped data is the
frequency histogram.

FREQUENCY POLYGON
Unlike in the frequency histogram
where bars drawn side by side are
used, points connected by line
segments are utilized in the frequency
polygon. It looks like a usual line graph
except for the labels in the horizontal
axis which are class intervals.

CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY OGIVE

Another graph which is commonly
used in statistical reports and texts is
the cumulative frequency ogive.

How to get the Frequency by using

the CF?

How to get the CF by using the Frequency?

RELATIVE FREQUENCY
The relative frequency is also known
as the percentage frequency. To
compute for the relative frequency,
divide the frequency of each class
interval by the total number of
observations, N, then multiply the
result by 100%.
Class interval = Relative frequency
N

Frequency Distribution of Patients according to Age

AGE
(in
years)

60 68

CLASS
BOUNDARIES

<CF

>CF

RELATI
VE
FREQU
ENCY
(in %)

LOWER

UPPER

59.5

68.5

36

2.78

51 59

50.5

59.5

35

5.56

41 50

41.5

50.5

33

8.33

33 41

32.5

41.5

30

5.56

24 32

20

23.5

32.5

28

28

55.56

15 23

14.5

23.5

33

13.89

6 14

5.5

14.5

36

8.33

N=
36

Relative frequency
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

Age 6-14

Age 15-23

Age 24-32

Age 33-41

Age 42-50

Relative frequency

Age 51-59

Age 60-68

the end