POWER SYSTEM

EEE 3233

POWER FLOW ANALYSIS

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 Introduction
• Load Flow Analysis/Power Flow Analysis are one of the
most important aspects of power system planning and
operation.
• The load flow gives us the sinusoidal steady state of the
entire system - voltages, real and reactive power
generated and absorbed and line losses.

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 Cont.
• The objective of Power Flow Analysis is to obtain the voltage
magnitudes and angles at each bus in the steady state.
• This is rather important as the magnitudes of the bus
voltages are required to be held within a specified limit.
• Once the bus voltage magnitudes and their angles are
computed using the load flow, the real and reactive power
flow through each line can be computed.
 

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 Cont.
• The steady state power and reactive power supplied
by a bus in a power network are expressed in terms of
nonlinear algebraic equations. We therefore would
require iterative methods for solving these equations.
– Newton-Raphson method
– Gauss-Seidel method

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 Bus Admittance Matrix
• A power system network can be converted into an
equivalent impedance diagram. This diagram forms the
basis of power flow (or load flow) studies and short
circuit analysis.
• Bus admittance matrix (also known as Ybus matrix) and
bus impedance matrix (also known as Zbus matrix).
These two matrices are related by

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 Formation of Bus Admittance Matrix
• Consider the voltage source VS with a source (series)
impedance of ZS as shown in below Fig (a). Using
Norton's theorem this circuit can be replaced by a
current source IS with a parallel admittance of YS as
shown in Fig.(b).

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 Cont.
• The relations between the original system and the
Norton equivalent are

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 Cont.
• Consider the 4-bus power system shown below figure.
Let Zij, i = 1, ..., 4 and j = 1, ... , 4 denote the line
impedance between buses i and j .

Where, Z11 = j ( XG1 + XT1 ) and Z22 = j ( XG2 + XT2 ).

 

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 Cont.
• In this figure the nodes with the node voltages of V1 to V4
indicate the buses 1 to 4 respectively. Bus 0 indicates the
reference node that is usually the neutral of the Y-connected
system.

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 Cont.
• The impedance diagram is converted into an equivalent
admittance diagram. In this diagram Yij = 1/ Zij , i = 1,..., 4 and j = 1,
... , 4. The voltage sources EG1 and EG2 are converted into the
equivalent current sources I1 and I2 respectively using the Norton's
theorem discussed before.

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 Cont.
• To determine the voltage-current relationships of the network. It
is to be noted that this relation can be written in terms of the
node (bus) voltages V1 to V4 and injected currents I1 and I2 as
follows

or 

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 Cont.
• Consider node (bus) 1 that is connected to the nodes 2 and 3.
Then applying KCL at this node we get

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 Cont.
• In a similar way application of KCL at nodes 2, 3 and 4 results in
the following equations

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 Cont.
• Combining equation I1 to I4 we get

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 Cont.
• In general the format of the Ybus matrix for an n -bus
power system is as follows

• It is to be noted that Ybus is a symmetric matrix

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Problem 1

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Problem 2

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THE END

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