HIGH RISE STRUCTURES

Buildings between 75 feet and

491 feet (23 m to 150 m) high
are considered high-rises.
Buildings taller than 492 feet
(150 m) are classified as
skyscrapers.
The materials used for the
structural system of high-rise
buildings are reinforced
concrete and steel.
The structures are high & lead
to higher vertical loads and
higher lateral loads (mainly due

LOADS ON THE HIGHRISE

STRUCTURES
Vertical

Loads
Horizontal Loads
Unexpected Deflections
Wind Loads
Earthquake Loads

VERTICAL LOADS
Dead

loads arise from the weight to

the individual construction elements
and the finishing loads.
Live loads depend on the number of
stories

HORIZONTAL LOADS
It

generally arises from unexpected

deflections, wind and earthquake
loads
Calculation of lateral loads should be
carefully scrutinized.

UNEXPECTED DEFLECTIONS
It

arises from imprecision in the

manufacture of construction elements
and larger components.
Another cause is the uneven settling
of the foundation at an inhomogeneous site.
Any deflection produces additional
WIND
LOADS
lateral forces.
High-rise buildings are susceptible to
oscillation. It should not be viewed
as statically equivalent loads, but
must be investigated under the
aspect of sway behaviour.

Wind

tunnel experiments are used to see

the influence of the buildings shape on
the wind load.
The ability of wind loads to bring a
building to sway must also be kept in
mind. This oscillation leads both to a
perceptible lateral acceleration for
occupants, and to a maximum lateral
EARTHQUAKE
deflection.
It

travel through rock, and provide an

effective way to image both sources
and structures deep within the Earth.

Produce

different types of seismic

waves.
There are three basic types of seismic
waves
P-waves
in solids:
S-waves
P-and/or S-waves.
The two basic kinds of surface waves
(Raleigh and Love).

TYPES OF HIGH RISE

BUILDINGS
BRACED

FRAME
RIGID FRAME STRUCTURE
INFILLED FRAME STRUCTURE
FLAT PLATE ANDFLAT SLABSTRUCTURE
SHEAR WALL STRUCTURE
COUPLED WALL STRUCTURE
WALL-FRAME STRUCTURE
FRAMED TUBE STRUCTURE
THE TRUSSED TUBE
TUBE IN TUBE OR HULL CORE STRUCTURE
BUNDLED TUBE STRUCTURE
CORE AND OUTRIGGERS SYSTEM
HYBRID STRUCTURE

Core structure system

Lateral and gravity laod

are supported by core.

Eliminates columns and

bracing elements

BRACED FRAMES
Braced

frames are
cantilevered vertical
trusses resisting
laterals loads primarily
through the axial
stiffness of the frame
members.
Able to produce a
laterally very stiff
structure for a
minimum of additional
material, makes it an
economical structural

BRACED FRAME STRUCTURE

SYSTEM
Abraced

frameis a
structural system which
is designed primarily to
resistwindand
earthquakeforces.
Members in a braced
frame are designed to
work intensionand
compression, similar to a
truss. Braced frames are
almost always composed
of steel members.

TYPES OF BRACING
3
1.
2.
3.

Types
Diagonal bracing
V vracing
x bracing

ADVANTAGES
Girders only participate minimally in the
lateral bracing action-Floor framing
design is independent of its level in the
structure.
Can be repetitive up the height of the
building with obvious economy in design
and fabrication.

DISADVANTAGES
Obstruct the internal planning and the
locations of the windows and doors; for
this reason, braced bent are usually
incorporated internally along wall and

Tube in tube syetem

This variation of the
framed tube consists of
an outer frame tube, the
Hull, together
with an internal elevator
and service core.
The Hull and core act
jointly in resisting both
gravity and lateral
loading.
The outer framed tube
and the inner core
interact horizontally as
the shear and flexural
components of a wallframe structure, with the
benefit of increased
lateral stiffness.
The structural tube
usually adopts a highly
dominant role because
of its much greater

RIGID FRAME STRUCTURE

Consist

of columns and girders joined

by moment resistant connections.
Ideally suited for reinforced concrete
buildings because of the inherent
rigidity of reinforced concrete joints.
Also used for steel frame buildings,
but moment-resistant connections in
steel tend to be costly.
Rigid frame of a typical scale that
serve alone to resist lateral loading
have an economic height limit of
about 25 stories.

ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES
May

be place in or around the core, on the

exterior, or throughout the interior of the
building with minimal constraint on the
planning module.
The frame may be architecturally exposed
to express the grid like nature of the
structure.
Only suitable for building up to 20 30
storiesonly; member proportions and
materials cost become unreasonable for
building higher than that.

SHEAR WALL SYSTEM

A type of rigid frame construction.

The shear wall is in steel or concrete to

provide greater lateral rigidity.

It

is a wall where the entire material of the

wall is employed in the resistance of both
horizontal and vertical loads.
Is composed of braced panels (or shear
panels) to counter the effects of lateral
load acting on a structure.

Wind

& earthquake loads are the most

common among the loads.
For skyscrapers, as the size of the
structure increases, so does the size of
the supporting wall. Shear walls tend
to be used only in conjunction with
other support systems.

Wall

thickness varies from 140 mm to

500 mm.

shear walls that make up the core of the building (housing

elevators, stairwells, and mechanical equipment rooms),
while the outer tube is formed by the exterior columns
spaced every 6 feet around the perimeter of the building.

SPSW(steel plate shear

wall)
SPSW result in a
lesser building weight in
comparison to
buildings that use
concrete shear walls. A
study performed for The
Century project indicated
that the total weight of
the building as designed
using SPSW was
approximately 18% less
than that of the building
designed using a
concrete shear wall core
system, which results in
a reduction of foundation
loads due to gravity and

BUNDLED TUBE STRUCTURE

A bundled tube typically consists of a number
of individual tubes interconnected to form a
multicell tube, in which the frames in the
lateral load direction resist the shears, while
flange frames carry most of the overturning
the
Such buildings have interior columns along
moments.
the perimeters of thetubes when they fall
within the building envelope.
The cells or the tubes can be arranged in a
variety of ways to create different massing.
The shape of each tube itself can be changed
to any other closed clustered shape.

ADVANTAGES
Sufficient

lateral stiffness.
Building acts as a unified system of stiffened
tubes.
Aesthetically appealing .
The interaction between the individual tubes
and the belt trusses at mechanical levels
allows the
building to attain its extreme
height.
These trusses take the gravity loads from
above and redistribute them evenly onto the
tubes below .

DISADVANTAGES

Interior planning limitations due to the bundled

tube configuration.

THE WILLIS TOWER

TheWillis Towerin Chicago used this design,
employing nine tubes of varying height to
achieve its distinct appearance. It consists of
exterior framed tube stiffened by interior
frames to reduce the effect of shear lag in the
exterior columns.

DETAILS OF WILLIS TOWER

No interior columns
110 stories
1,469-0 in height
Tallest building until 1996
Each structural tube = 75-0 x 75-0
Completed in 1974

OUTRIGGER TRUSS
SYSTEM
Besides

acting as a
strong stiffening
member for the
lower portion of the
building structure,
the outrigger and
the belt truss serve
also to support the
distributed loads
from the secondary
columns that
placed above the
belt truss.

The outrigger and belt truss system is one of the

lateral loads resisting system in which the
external columns are tied to the central core wall
with very stiff outriggers and belt truss at one or
more levels.
belt truss tied the peripheral column of building
while the outriggers engage them with main or
central shear wall. The aim of this method is to
reduce obstructed space compared to the
conventional method. The floor space is usually
free of columns and is between the core and the
external columns, thus increasing the functional
efficiency of the building.

The Use Of Outriggers In High-rise Buildings To

Control The Forces

The incorporation of an outrigger which

connects the two elements together provides
a stiffer component which act together to
resist the overturning forces.
When an outrigger-braced building deflects
under wind or seismic load, the outrigger
which connects to the core wall and the
exterior columns, makes the whole system to
act as a unit in resisting the lateral load.

SHANGHAI WORLD FINANCIAL

CENTRE
Located

in shanghai china.
Height 480 meters
Building materials- concrete, steel,
laminated glass.

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
Three

1.

2.
3.

parallel and interacting structural

systems were used in the design in order to
resist forces from typhoon winds and earth
quakes
First was the mega structure which
consisted of the major structural column,
the major diagonals and the belt truss
The second was the concrete shear walls of
the service core.
The last structural system wa the
interaction between the concrete walls of
the service core and the mega column
( created by the outrigger trusses).

FOUNDATION

 The

columns of the mega structure are of

mixed structural steel and reinforced concrete.
In the lower reaches of the building the
composite columns are of impressive size .
Reinforcing steel must necessarily be 50mm in
dia, the largest size available , and bundled
into sets of four bars.

PILE FOUNDATION
SELECTION OF PILE
TYPE
Following are some of the usually encountered problems:

1. Driven piles may cause vibration damage to adjacent

structures or facilities.

2. Remote areas may restrict driving equipment size and,

therefore, pile size.

3. Local availability of certain materials and capability of

contractors may have decisive effects

on pile selection.

4. Waterborne operations and transportation limitations may

dictate use of shorter pile sections

due to pile handling restrictions.

5. Steep terrain may make the use of certain pile equipment

costly or impossible.

PILED RAFT FOUNDATION

The

use of piled raft foundations is

an effective way of minimizing
both total and differential
settlements, of improving the
bearing capacity of a shallow
foundation and of reducing in an
economic way the internal stress
levels and bending moments
within a raft.

COLUMN COVERINGS

METAL DECKING

DIAGRID SYSTEM
The

diagrid
system is a
steel frame
design with
diagonal grid
which creates
triangular
structure with
the horizontal
support rings

The

diagrid system can be with or

without a core system.
The core is made of RC and acts as
a cantilever while the diagrid
system resists shear action.
Together these two
systems make the
building stiff.

Design members
The

The corner
main
members in
columns take all
diagrid system
the load from
are corner
intermediate
columns, the
columns.
perimeter
The perimeter
girders & tie
grid comprises of
beams.
ring structure
If there is no
which is
core, tie beams
connected at
are not needed. nodes.

Node design
Under

vertical load

Under

horizontal shear

Modules

Benefits of using diagrid syste

The major benefit of this system is that there is column

free interior space throughout the floor.
Roughly, it saves upto 1/5th of the steel used for
construction
The technique is simple for construction.
Easy and efficient distribution of load in the structure.
Free, clear and unique floor plans are possible.
It is aesthetically dominant and expressive.
Economical for stories upto 50-70.
The redundancy can transfer load from a failed portion
to the other.