Network Planning Principle Part 1

OMF000502 Network Planning
Principle ISSUE1.3
Wireless Training Department
Course Contents
Introduction to GSM network

Mobile radio link
Network planning procedure
Advanced network planning
Introduction to GSM Network

1.
GSM system architecture

2. GSM bandwidth
3. Difference between GSM900 and GSM1800
4. GSM Logical channels
GSM System Architecture
Other MSC
VLR
HLR
EIR
AuC
Other BTSs
OMC
GSM Bandwidth
GSM 900 :
890
Channel spacing 200kHz
915
935
960
Duplex Spacing : 45 MHz
GSM 1800 :
Channel spacing 200kHz
1710
1785
1805
Duplex Spacing : 95 MHz
1880
Difference Between GSM900 and GSM1800

GSM900
and GSM1800 are similar

GSM 900
Frequency band
GSM 1800
890...960 MHz 1710...1880 MHz
Number of channels 124
374
Channel spacing
200 kHz
200 kHz
Access technique
TDMA
TDMA
Mobile power
0.8 / 2 / 5 W 0.25 / 1 W
There
Thereare
areno
nomajor
majordifferences
differencesbetween
betweenGSM
GSM900
900
and
GSM
1800
and GSM 1800
Logical Channels
GSM900/GSM1800
logic channel architecture
Logical Channels
Common Channels
(CCH)
Broadcast Control
Channel (BCCH)
FCH
SCH
BCCH
(Sys Info)
Dedicated Channels
(DCH)
Common Control
Channel (CCCH)
PCH
AGCH
RACH
Control Channels
SDCCH
FACCH
SACCH
Traffic Channels
(TCH)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TCH/9.6F
TCH/ 4.8F, H
TCH/ 2.4F, H
Downlink Channels
FCCH
Common
Channels
BCCH
SCH
BCCH
CCCH
PCH
AGCH
SDCCH
Dedicated
Channels
DCCH
SACCH
FACCH
TCH
TCH/F
TCH/H
Uplink Channels
RACH
CCCH
Common
Channels
SDCCH
SACCH
DCCH
FACCH
TCH/F
TCH/H
Dedicated
Channels
TCH
Use of Logical Channels
off state
idle mode
dedicated
mode
idle mode
Search for frequency correction burst

Search for synchronization sequence
Read system information
Listen paging message
Send access burst
Wait for signaling channel allocation
Call setup
Assign traffic channel
Conversation
Call release
FCCH
SCH
BCCH
PCH
RACH
AGCH
SDCCH
SDCCH
TCH
FACCH
Logical Channels Mapping

Logical
channels are mapped to physical channels
Signaling : sequences of 51 frames

Traffic : sequences of 26 frames
BCCH + CCCH (downlink)

F SBBBBCCCCF SCCCCCCCCF SCCCCCCCCF SCCCCCCCCF SCCCCCCCC -
BCCH + CCCH (uplink)
51 TDMA frames ~ 235,4 msec
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
For combined BCCH

CCCH blocks can be either PCH or AGCH
Some blocks may be configured as SDCCH
Exercises
1. Write down the frequency used for uplink and downlink.

Answer: GSM system uses different frequency for uplink and downl
ink.
GSM900:
Uplink: 935---960
Downlink: 890---915
GSM1800:
Uplink: 1805--1880
Downlink: 1710--1785
Exercises
2. Write down the types of logical channels and the hierarchy

Answer:
Logical Channels
Common Channels
(CCH)
Broadcast Control
Channel (BCCH)
FCH
SCH
BCCH
(Sys Info)
Dedicated Channels
(DCH)
Common Control
Channel (CCCH)
PCH
AGCH
RACH
Control Channels
SDCCH
FACCH
SACCH
Traffic Channels
(TCH)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TCH/9.6F
TCH/ 4.8F, H
TCH/ 2.4F, H
Course Contents

Mobile radio link
Mobile Radio Link

1.
Radio wave propagation

2. Propagation models
3. Antenna systems
4. Diversity technique
5. Interference and interference reduction
6. Link budget
Radio Link Propagation

Multi-path
Radio path is a complicated propagation medium
Limited
transmitting energy
The service range is determined by the transmission power of m

obiles
Battery life-time
Limited
propagation
spectrum
Set upper limitation for data rate (Shannons theorem)

Additional effort needed for channel coding
Frequency reused result in self- interference
Radio Propagation Environment

Multi-path
propagation
Shadowing
Terrain
Building
Reflection
Interference
Reflections
Strong
echoes can cause excessive transmission delay
No impact If the delay falls in the equalizer window

Cause self-interference if the delay falls out of the equalizer wind
ow
direct signal
strong reflected signal
long echoes, out of equalizer window:

self-interference
amplitude
equalizer window 16 s
delay time
Fading(1)
Slow
Shadowing due to large obstacles o

n propagation direction
Fast
fading (Lognormal Fading)
fading (Rayleigh fading)
Level (dB)
Serious interference from multi-path +10

signals
0
-10
-20
920 MHz
v = 20 km/h
-30
5m
Fading(2)
power
Rayleigh
fading
+20 dB
lognormal
fading
mean
value
- 20 dB
2 sec
4 sec
6 sec
time
Signal Variations
Propagation
Free-
space propagation
Signal strength decreases with distance increases

Reflection
Specula R.
Amplitude : A --> *A (< 1)
Phase
: --> -
Polarization : material determining phase shift
Diffuse R.
Amplitude : A --> *A (<< 1)
Phase
: random
Polarization : random
specula reflection
diffuse reflection
Propagation
Absorption
Heavy amplitude attenuation

Material determining phase shift
Diffraction
Wedge-model
Knife edge
Multiple knife edges
A - 5..30 dB
Mobile Radio Link

1.

3. Antenna systems
6. Link budget
Propagation Model
Historical
CCIR- Model for Radio station
Not very accurate nor serious
Okumura
Hata
Empirical model
Measure and estimate additional attenuations
Applied for larger distance estimation (range: 5 .. 20km)
Not suitable for small distance ( < 1km)
Hata Model
Model
used for 900 MHz
L A B log f 1382
. log hb a (hm )
(44.9 6.55 log hb ) log d Lmorpho
with
f
h
a(h)
d
frequency in MHz
additional attenuation due
BS antenna height [m]
to land usage classes
function of MS antenna height
distance between BS and MS [km] and
A= 69.55, B = 26.16 (for 150 .. 1000 MHz)

A= 46.3 , B = 33.9 (for 1000 ..2000MHz)
Land Usage Types

Urban
small cells, 40..50 dB/Dec attenuation

Forest
heavy absorption; 30..40 dB/Dec; differs with
season (foliage loss)
Open, farmland
easy, smooth propagation conditions
Water
propagates very easily ==> dangerous !
Mountain surface strong reflection, long echoes
Glaciers
very strong reflection; extreme delay , strong
interferences over long distance
Hilltops
can be used as barriers between cells, do not
use as antenna or site location
Walfish- Ikegami Model

Model
used for urban micro-cell propagation. Assume regular

city layout (Manhattan grid). Total path loss consists of three
parts:
Line-of-sight loss LLOS

Roof-to-street loss LRTS
Mobile environment loss LMS
h
w
b
Mobil Radio Link

1.
2.
Propagation model
3.
Antenna system
4.
Diversity technique
5.
Interference and interference reduction
6.
Link budget
Antenna Characteristics
Lobes
Main lobes
Side and Back lobes
Front-to-Back ratio
Half-power
beam-width
Antenna downtilt
Polarization
Frequency range
Antenna impedance
Mechanical size
Coupling Between Antennas

main lobe
Horizontal
separation
Sufficient decoupling distance: 5-10

Antenna patterns superimposed if
distance too close
Vertical
separation
10
Decoupling distance:1 can provide good RX /TX5 ..decoupling
Minimum
coupling loss
Installation Examples
Recommended
TX - TX: ~20dB
TX - RX: ~40dB
Horizontal
decoupling
decoupling distance depends on
Antenna gain
Horizontal rad. pattern
Omni-directional
0,2m
antenna Omni-directional.: 5 .. 20m

directional : 1 ... 3m
Use vertical separation for RX and TX

Use vertical separation (fork) for RX and diversity RX
Vertical decoupling is much more effective
Installation Examples
Directional
antenna
Antenna downtilt
Improve hotspot coverage

Reduce interference
5..8 deg
Feeder
Feeder
parameter
Type
(mm)
3/8
5/8
7/8
1 5/8
Diameter
1800MHz
dB/100m
dB/100m
10
17
25
14
9
6
47
900MHz
10
6
4
3
Use the short feeder whenever possible
Distributed Antennas
Leaking
feeder
Cables with very high loss per length unit distributed antenna o
ften used for tunnel coverage. This kind of feeder is expensive
Propagation loss: 4 ... 40 dB/100m
50 Ohm
coupling loss: ~ 60 dB (at 1m dist.)
Optic
fiber distribution system
Distribute RF signal radiate from discrete antenna points at rem

ote locations via (very thin) optic fiber.
Repeaters
Repeater
The
type
Narrow-band Repeater
Wide-band Repeater
Repeater is used to relay signal into shadowed area

Behind hill
Into valley
Into building
Note: The Repeater needs a host cell

decoupling ~40 dB needed
Mobile Radio Link

1.

3. Antenna systems
6. Link budget
Diversity
Time
diversity
Coding, interleaving
Frequency
diversity
Frequency hopping
Space
diversity
Multiple antennas
Polarization
diversity
Dual-polarized antennas
Multi-path
diversity
Equalizer
Benefit From Diversity

Diversity
gain depends on environment
Antenna diversity
3dB gain
More path loss acceptable in link budget
Higher coverage range
R(div) ~ 1,3 R
A 1.7 A
70% more coverage per cell
Needs, less cells in total
The above case can be satisfied

only under ideal condition. That
is the environment is infinitely
large and flat
Mobile Radio Link

1.

3. Antenna systems
6. Link budget
Interference
Signal quality =
sum of all expected signals
sum of all unexpected signal
expected signal
carrier (C )
interference (I)
atmospheric
noise
other signals
Notes: GSM specification : C / I >= 9 dB (Co-Channel)
Effects of Interference
Affect
signal quality
Cause bit error
Repairable errors :
Irreducible errors :
Interference
channel coding, error correction

phase distortions
situation is
Non- reciprocal : uplink <> downlink

Unsymmetrical :different situation at MS and BTS
C/I
Co-Channel C/I
: 9dB
Adjacent Channel C/I : -12dB
Signal Quality in GSM

RX Quality
RXQUAL class : 0 ... 7
good
usable signal
acceptable
unusable
signal
RXQUAL
class
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Mean BER
BER range
(%)
from... to
0.14
< 0.2%
0.28
0.2 ... 0.4 %
0.57
0.4 ... 0.8 %
1.13
0.8 ... 1.6 %
2.26
1.6 ... 3.2 %
4.53
3.2 ... 6.4 %
9.05
6.4 ... 12.8 %
18.1
> 12.8 %
Interference sources
Multi-path
(long echoes)
Frequency reuse
External interference
Note : Interference has the same effect as poor coverage.
Reduce the interference

as possible.
Methods for reducing Interference

Frequency
planning
Suitable site location
Antenna azimuth, downtilt and height
bad location
good location

Frequency
hopping
A diversity technique, frequency diversity include:
Less fading loss

De-coding gain
Interference averaging
Power
control based on quality
Evaluate signal level and quality
DTX
Silent transmission in speech pauses

Adaptive
According to subscriber distribution, concentrate signal energy t

o certain direction.
Adaptive
antenna
channel allocation
Always assign the best available channel during call setup.
Frequency Hopping
Diversity
Frequency diversity can reduce fast fading effects

Useful for static or slow-moving mobiles
Cyclic
RF
technique
base-band hopping
TRX hops cyclic between its allocated frequencies
hopping
Either cyclic or random hopping
Needs wideband combiner
Can use any frequency included in the MA
Power Control
Save
battery life-time
Minimize interference
GSM : 15 steps and 2 dB for each
Use power control in both uplink and downlink
triggered by level or quality
signal
level
target level
e.g. -85 dm
Power control isnt allowed

on BCCH
time
DTX
DTX
(Discontinuous transmission)
Switch transmitter off in speech pauses and silence periods, bot

h sides transmit only silence updates (SID frames) comfort
noise generated by transcoder.
VAD:
voice activity detection

Transcoder is informed the use of DTX/ VAD
Battery
Batterysaving
savingand
and
interference
interferencereducing
reducing
Mobile Radio Link

1.

3. Antenna systems
6. Link budget
Link Budget Calculation

Why
we need a link budget?

Which will decide the coverage range?
The coverage range is limited by the weaker one.
Two-way communication needed
link usually limited by mobile transmitting power
Desired
result: downlink = uplink
Link budget should

be balanced
Exercises
1. Write down the diversity techniques.

2. Write down the antennas main parameters.
3. Write down the method used to reduce interference.
Answer
1.The diversity techniques are time diversity, frequency diversity,

space diversity and polarization diversity.
2.The antennas main parameters are lobes (main lobes, side/ba
ck lobes), front-to-back ratio, half-power beam-width ,antenna do
wntilt, polarization, frequency range, antenna impedance, mecha
nical size etc..
3.The methods used to reduce interference are frequency hoppi
ng, DTX, power control based on qulality, adaptive antenna, opti
mized channel allocation.
Course Contents

Mobile radio link
Network Planning Procedure

1.
Cellular planning principle

2. Network topology
3. Traffic estimation
4. Coverage planning
5. Frequency planning
6. Site selection
7. Transmission planning
Network Planning Principle
initial
dimensioning
marketing
business
plan
transmission
plan
coverage
plan
parameter
plan
traffic
estimate
Frequency
plan
final
topology
Scope of Network Planning

Operators
External
requirements
Subscriber forecasts
Coverage requirements
Quality of service
Network planning
Recommended sites
Data acquisition
information
Terrain data
Population data
Bandwidth available
Site survey
Field measurement evaluation
CW design and analysis
Transmission plan
Network
design
Number & configuration of BSC

Antenna specifications
BSS topology
Frequency plan
Network evolution strategy
Network
performance
Gos
Margin calculations
Interference probabilities
Quality observation
Input Data
Maps
Main city
Important road
Location of mountain range
Inhabited area
Shore line
Local
knowledge
Typical architecture
Structure of city
Demographic Data
Statistical
Largest town and city

Population distribution
Where are the expected subscribers
Local
yearbook
knowledge
Population migration route

Traffic volume
Subscriber concentration area
250 000 pop.
400 000 pop.
300 000 pop.
Network Configuration
Estimate number of BTS needed
VERY rough initial estimation :
total operators bandwidth
planned freq. reuse rate= average number of TRX allowed per cell
reasons
number of BTS needed for traffic
Evaluate achievable cell coverage range

=f (topography, requirements, signal levels,
environment, ...)
number of BTS needed for
coverage reasons
Finances
Marketing
Planning
Network Planning
1.

2. Network topology
6. Site selection
Network Topology
Umbrella cell
Macro cell
Micro cell
Pico cell
Macro Cell Network

Cost
performance solution
Suitable for covering large area
Large cell range

High antenna position
Cell
ranges 2 ..20km
Used with low traffic volume
2..20
km
Typically rural area

Road coverage
Normally
Use omnidirectional antenna
Exception: Use beamed antenna for road coverage
Micro Cell Network

Capacity
oriented network
Suitable for high traffic area
Mostly used with beamed cell
Cost performance solution

Usage of available sites equipment
Typical
application
Medium town
Suburb
Typical
coverage range: 0.5 .. 2km
0,5 .. 2km
Cell coverage range

Achievable
cell coverage depend on
Frequency band (450, 900, 1800 MHz)

Surroundings and environment
Link budget figure
Antenna type
Antenna direction
Minimum required signal level
Hexagons and Cells

Three
cells ( three hexagons)

1.

2. Network topology
6. Site selection
Traffic Estimation
Estimate
number of subscribers
Long-term prediction
Forecast Subscribers
Expected
traffic load per subscriber

Particular habits of subscribers
Busy hour conditions
Busy hour of the day

Traffic patterns
Traffic Planning
Estimation
of expected traffic
Number of subscribers in area

Traffic load per subscriber
Coverage
==>
traffic
per
==>
sq.km
traffic
==> number of TRX needed per BTS

Allow extra capacity for roamer and busy hour traffic
Transmission should not be the

bottleneck of the system
per
cell
Traffic Patterns
Traffic
varies between different hours, estimated traffic must b

e able to satisfy the peak loads. Busy hour traffic is typically twic
e that of the average.
100 %
peak hour
off-peak
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24 hr

1.

2. Network topology
6. Site selection
Coverage Planning
external inputs:
(traffic, subs. forecast,
coverage requirements...)
nominal cell plan
Initial network dimensioning

TRXs, cells, sites
bandwidth needed
NW topology
suggestions for
site locations
cell parameters
coverage achieved
coverage prediction
signal strength
multi-path propagation
go to
frequency
planning
create cell
data for
BSC
field measurements
planning
criteria fulfilled?
N
coverage,
ok?
Y
site acquisition
real cell plan

Y
site accepted ?
Coverage Requirements
Rollout
phases and time schedules

Coverage requirement
Agree on min. level for outdoor coverage
Loss
requirement
Indoor coverage area
Mobile classes
Operators cell deployment strategies
phase 1
CW launch
Omni-cell site in rural area

Directional site in urban area
rollout
phase 3
rollout
phase 2
Coverage Planning
Loss
Due to coverage
Due to interference
Full coverage of an area can hardly be

guaranteed ! common values: 90~95%
Network planning
1.

2. Network topology
6. Site selection
Frequency Planning
Why
we reuse the frequency?

8 MHz = 40 channels * 8 timeslots = 320 users
==> max. 320 simultaneous calls!!!
Limited bandwidth
Interference are unavoidable
Use
Minimize total interference in network
calculated propagation prediction for frequency allocation
Frequency Planning
Target
Find solution to minimize interferences in the network

Traditional
method
Hexagonal cell patterns

Regular grid
Cluster sizes
Frequency reuse distance:

D = R *sqrt(3*cluster-size)
Frequency Planning
Frequency
planning always consider the following case
Actual situation is different.

Power control, actual traffic and distribution of subscribers.
Average
frequency reuse rate is a criteria for good allocation s
cheme:
physical practical
limit
limit
10
20
safe, but
uneconomical
Frequency Reuse
Reuse
frequency as often as possible
Increase network capacity

But maybe cause some interference
Consideration
for frequency reuse
f2
f6
f3
Interference matrix calculation

Propagation model tuning
Minimize total interference in network
f5
f7
f4
f2
f4
f7
f4
f2
f5
f4
f2
f6
f3
f4
f7
f3
f5
f4
f2
f6
f5
f2
f6
f3
f7
f5
f5
f6
f3
f5
f3
f3
f4
Multiple Reuse Rate

Frequency
reuse rate
measurement criteria for effectiveness of frequency plan
Co-relationship : effectiveness interferences

Interaction with coverage planning
Multiple reuse rate increase effectiveness of freq. plan
same frequency
in every cell
(spread spectrum)
tight reuse planning

(tight layer)
12
normal planning
(TCH macro layer)
15
18
safe planning
(BCCH layer)
21
Multiple reuse rate

Capacity increase with multiple reuse rate
e.g. network with 300 cells
bandwidth : 8 MHz (40 radio channels)
cap. N
Single reuse (4X3)

Network capacity = 40/12 * 300 = 1000 TRX
Multiple reuse:
BCCH layer:
reuse =14,
(14 freq.)
normal TCH:
reuse =10,
(20 freq.)
tight TCH layer: reuse = 6,
(6 freq.)
==> Network capacity = (1 +2 +1)* 300 = 1200
TRX
BWi
re use
i

1.

2. Network topology
6. Site selection
Site Location
Cell
performance has a close relationship with site location

Site is long-term investment
Site acquisition is a slow process
Hundreds of sites needed per network
Site is a valuable long-term

asset for the operator
Bad Site Location

Avoid
hill-top location for site
Uncontrollable interference
Cross coverage
Bad handover behavior
wanted cell
boundary
cross coverage areas:
uncontrolled, strong
interferences
Good Site Location

Prefer
site off the hill-top
Use hill to separate cell

Contiguous coverage area
Need only low antenna height if site are slightly elevated above v
alley bottom
wanted cell
boundary
Site Selection Criteria

Radio
criteria
Non-radio criteria
Good view in main beam
direction
No obstacles
Good visibility of terrain
Antenna installation situation
LOS to next microwave site
Short feeder length
Space for equipment

Availability of leased transmission l
ine or microwave link
Power supply
Access restrictions
House owner
Rental costs
Site Acquisition Process
Site select
site owner
radio planner
network
operator
measurement
teams
fixed network
planner
architect
Site Information
Questionnaire
Collect all necessary information about site
Site coordinates, height above sea level, exact address
House owner
Type of building
Building materials
Possible antenna heights
360deg photo (clearance view)
Neighborhood, surrounding environment
Drawing sketch of rooftop
Antenna installation conditions
Access possibilities (road, roof)
BTS location, approximately feeder lengths

1.

2. Network topology
6. Site selection
Transmission Planning
A
great portion of yearly network operational cost is transmis

sion maintenance cost.
Transmission planning is for minimizing the overall cost
Radio part design
Fixed part design
BTS
BTS
BSS
MSC
BSS
BSC Hub
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
Transmission Concept
Transmission methods
Tra
nsm
iss
ion
e
qui
pm
ent
CATV
ISDN
PCM
ATM
HDSL
Transmission techniques
PDH
SDH
Transmission media
Fiber
Coaxial cable
Copper cable
Microwave radio
Terrestrial/satellite
Microwave Links
High
capacity transmission links, frequency range: 7~38 GHz
Normal
transmission link
Needs extra frequencies

Link quality depend on weather
Not always available at ideal sites
(LOS path)
Long distance hops are problematic
Pro
Low operating costs

Easy to install
Flexible
Quick & reliable solution
Repeater
station
Terminal
station A
Terminal
station B
Basic Transmission Topologies

POINT-TO-POINT
MULTIDROP
CHAIN
STAR
(Concentration points)
LOOP
The basic criteria for choosing transmission

topologies is Costs vs. Fail Safety (redundancy).
Network topology
Prefer
BTS
centralized or decentralized network architecture
MSC
BTS
BSC
BTS
BTS
BTS
BSC/ MSC
BTS
BTS
BTS
2 small BSC plus

cheap transmission
1 large BSC plus
expensive
transmission
Course Contents

Mobile radio link
Advanced Network Planning

1.
Network evolution
2. Indoor coverage
3. Tunnel coverage
4. Parameters
Cell Evolution
Umbrella Cell
5-50Km
Early 80s
Macro Cell
1-5Km
Mid-end 80s
Macro Cell
Micro Cell
100m-1Km
Mid 90s
Pico Cell
10m-100m
Mid-end 90s
Layered Network
Layered Network
High layer station
Middle layer station
Middle layer station
Low layer station
Low layer station
Low layer station Low layer station
Indoor station
Indoors station Indoors station
Indoors station
Network Capacity evolution

Measure
for network spectrum efficiency
Erl/ (MHz * sq.km)
function of
Bandwidth
Frequency efficiency of technology
Frequency reuse
Cell size
Directed
Directed
Retry
Retry
Power
Power
Control
Control
DTX
DTX
Load
Load
distribution
distribution
Load HO
Load HO
Half-rate
Half-rate
code
code
multiple cell
multiple cell
coverage
coverage
Frq. hopping
Frq. hopping

1.
Network evolution
2. Indoor coverage
3. Tunnel coverage
4. Parameters
Why Indoors
Indoor
coverage become the main competition between operators

Subscribers expect continuous coverage and better quality
Outdoor cell cant provide sufficient indoor coverage
Good
Quality!
INDOOR SOLUTION
Benefits
Continuous Coverage
Low Transmission Powers (BTS/MS)
Dedicated
Indoor Solution
Subscriber expectation
Continuous Service
Good Quality
Safety
MS Battery Life-time
Office Equipment
Less Interference
Building Penetration Loss

Signal
level in building is estimated by using a building penetr

ation loss margin
Big differences between rooms with window and without wind
ow(10~15 dB)
signal level increases with floor

number :~1.5 dB/floor (for
1st ..10th floor)
Pindoor = -3 ...-15 dB
Pindoor = -7 ...-18 dB
Pref = 0 dB
rear side :
-18 ...-30 dB
-15 ...-25 dB
no coverage
Building Penetration Loss

Signal
loss for penetration varies between different building m

aterials, e.g.:
mean value
reinforced concrete wall, windows
17 dB
concrete wall, no windows
30 dB
concrete wall within building

brick wall
10 dB
9 dB
armed glass
8 dB
wood or plaster wall
6 dB
window glass
2 dB
Total building loss = median values +

superimpose standard deviations +
(lognormal) margin for higher probabilities
In-Building Path Loss

Simple
path loss model for in-building environment
Outdoor loss: Okumuras formula
Lout = 42,6 + 20 log( f ) + 26 .. 35 log( d )

Wall loss
Lout
Lwall = f (material; angle)

Indoor loss: linear model
For Pico-Cells
Lin = L0 + d
Lwall
building type loss
application example
old house
0,7 dB/m
(urban l)
commercial type
0,5 dB/m
(modern offices)
open room, atrium
0,2 dB/m
(museum, train station)
Lin
Indoor Coverage Solutions

Small
BTS
Mini BTS
Antennas
Repeater
Active
Passive
Optical
Distribute antenna
Leaky cable
Signal
distribution
Power splitter
Optical fiber
Indoor Planning
Single cell approach
Multi-Cell approach
f1..f6
f1..f6
f1..f6
Example1:
1.2 MHz allocation
50 mErl/subscriber, GOS=2%
no frequency reuse:
a) three floors
36 Erl=> 720 subscribers
b) ten floors
36 Erl => 720 subscribers
f5
f3
f1
f6
f5
f4
f3
f2
f1
Example2:
1.2 MHz allocation
50 mErl/subscriber , GOS=2%
reuse per two floor, separate
frequencies within one floor:
a) three floors
27 Erl => 540 subs
b) ten floors
90 Erl => 1800 subs
Leaky cable
Coaxial
cable with perforated leads

Radiating loss 10~40 dB per 100m
Coupling loss typically 55 dB (at 1m)
Produce constant field-strength along cable runs
Work at wide-band
Radiating loss become higher with high frequency
Very large bending radius
Formerly often used for tunnel coverage
Expensive
Indoor Coverage Examples

With
Relay outdoor signal into target building

Need donor cell, add coverage but not capacity
With
Repeater
indoor BTS and distributed antenna
Heavy loss bring by power splitting and cable
-50 dBm
50m
1:1
1:1
4th floor
50m
50m
1:1
1:1
Outdoor Antenna
Gain: 18 dBi
3rd floor
50m
7/8'' Cable
Loss: 4dB / 50m
Cable length : 25m
4th Floor
3rd Floor
50m
1:1
1:1:1
1:1
2nd floor
50m
50m
1st Floor
1st floor
50m
50m
1:1
50m
2nd Floor
ground floor
Ground Floor
Indoor Antenna
Gain: 9dBi
Target Indoor Coverage Building
Repeater
Types
of Repeater
According to operating frequency

Wide-band Repeater
Narrow-band Repeater
According to working method

Passive Repeater
Needs strong external signal, useful only with
very short cables and seldom used
Active Repeater
Amplify and re-transmits all received signals
needs
decoupling > amplification
Repeater
Application
examples
Coverage for low traffic area

Remote valley
Tunnel
Underground coverage
The Bulb Principles
... is better than ...
Several smaller sites provide

more indoor coverage area
than a single large site
Newspaper Principles
The
newspaper-principle
Indoor
coverage
may
be
expected in locations where
there is no enough daylight to
read a newspaper comfortably

1.
Network evolution
2. Indoor coverage
3. Tunnel coverage
4. Parameters
Wave Propagation in Tunnels

Ideal
antenna position: center of cross-section

Distance to walls: min. 2
Tunnel cross-section shape unimportant, if > 10
Time dispersion decreases with distance
Install antenna 50~100m before tunnel entrance
Good signal coupling between successive tunnels
Tunnels
Tunnelsare
arevery
verysuitable
suitableenvironment
environment
for
forradio
radiowave
wavepropagation
propagation
Tunnel Cross-Section
Filling
factor determines propagation condition

Typical range for filling factors
Road tunnels: 10%

Metro: 60~90%
filling factor =----------

1.
Network evolution
2. Indoor coverage
3. Tunnel coverage
4. Parameters
BSS Parameters
BSS
Relevant Parameter for Network Planning
Frequency allocation plan

Logical radio configuration
Transmitting power
Definition of neighboring cells
Definition of location areas
Handover parameters
Power control parameters
Cell selection parameters
Radio link time-out counter
Topology of BSC- BTS network
Handover Types
Intra-cell
Inter-cell
Inter-BSC
Inter-MSC
Inter-PLMN
same cell but different carrier or timeslot

different cells (normal case)
different BSC
different MSC
(technically feasible, not supported)
Intra-cell
Inte-rcell
inter-BSC
Handover Criteria
1.
Interference, UL and DL
2. Bad C/I ratio
3. Uplink Quality
4. Downlink Quality
5. Uplink Level
6. Downlink Level
7. Distance
8. Rapid Signal Drop
9.
MS Speed
10. Power Budget
11. Good C/I ratio
12. PC: Lower quality/level thres
holds (DL/UL)
13. PC: Upper quality/level thres
holds (DL/UL)
Location Area Design

Location
update affects all mobiles in network
Location update in idle mode

Location update after call completion
Location
update brings extra burden to the network

Good location area design should avoid ping-pong
location update
major road
Location area 2
Location area 1
Paging VS Location update Traffic

signaling
traffic
function of user density,

cell size, call arrival rate ...
function of
user mobility
Paging
Location update
optimum number
of cells in Loc. area
# of cells in Loc. area
minimize signaling traffic

optimum varies with network evolution
Exercises
1. Write down the network evolution process.

2. Write down solution and equipment for indoor coverage.
3. Write down the types of handover.
Answer
1.The network evolution process is: Umbrella cell-> Macro cell >Micro cell->Picro cell
2. The solution and equipment for indoor coverage are:
3.The handover types are: Inter BSC, Intra BSC, Intra cell, Inter
cell, Inter MSC and Intra MSC.
M
ini BTS, Repeater, antennas( distribute antenna, leaky ca
ble), signal distribution( power splitter, optical fiber).

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OMF000502 Network Planning

Wireless Training Department

Introduction to GSM network

Introduction to GSM Network

GSM system architecture

GSM System Architecture

Channel spacing 200kHz

Duplex Spacing : 45 MHz

Duplex Spacing : 95 MHz

Difference Between GSM900 and GSM1800

and GSM1800 are similar

890...960 MHz 1710...1880 MHz

Number of channels 124

logic channel architecture

Use of Logical Channels

Search for frequency correction burst

Logical Channels Mapping

channels are mapped to physical channels

Signaling : sequences of 51 frames

BCCH + CCCH (downlink)

BCCH + CCCH (uplink)

51 TDMA frames ~ 235,4 msec

For combined BCCH

1. Write down the frequency used for uplink and downlink.

2. Write down the types of logical channels and the hierarchy

Introduction to GSM network

Mobile Radio Link

Radio wave propagation

Radio Link Propagation

Radio path is a complicated propagation medium

The service range is determined by the transmission power of m

Set upper limitation for data rate (Shannons theorem)

Radio Propagation Environment

echoes can cause excessive transmission delay

No impact If the delay falls in the equalizer window

long echoes, out of equalizer window:

Shadowing due to large obstacles o

fading (Lognormal Fading)

fading (Rayleigh fading)

Serious interference from multi-path +10

Signal strength decreases with distance increases

Heavy amplitude attenuation

Mobile Radio Link

Radio wave propagation

CCIR- Model for Radio station

Not very accurate nor serious

used for 900 MHz

A= 69.55, B = 26.16 (for 150 .. 1000 MHz)

Land Usage Types

small cells, 40..50 dB/Dec attenuation

Walfish- Ikegami Model

used for urban micro-cell propagation. Assume regular

Line-of-sight loss LLOS

Mobil Radio Link

Radio wave propagation

Interference and interference reduction

Coupling Between Antennas

Sufficient decoupling distance: 5-10

decoupling distance depends on

antenna Omni-directional.: 5 .. 20m

Use vertical separation for RX and TX

Vertical decoupling is much more effective

Improve hotspot coverage

Use the short feeder whenever possible