Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Grading Policy
Your final grade for this course of Physics will be based your total
score:
final exam (50 pts),
midterm exam (20 pts),
homework (15 pts total)
seminar presentation (highest = 15 pts total)
Outlines
The physical phenomena will be introduced to you are of great practical
interest
Wave phenomena
Interference:
what happens when you add waves?
e.g.,
light + light = interference ??
Interference!
Diffraction:
Optical Spectroscopy - diffraction gratings
Optical Resolution - diffraction-limited performance of lenses,
Quantum Physics
All particles act like waves only certain energies allowed in
atoms (explains emission spectra of elemental gases (hydrogen,
neon, etc.), molecules, and even solids and biological systems.
Outlines
The wave-nature of electrons, neutrons, etc., can
be exploited in novel probes of materials, biological
systems, etc. (e.g., electron and neutron scattering).
Quantum tunneling: In the quantum world, a particle of energy E
Wavelength
Amplitude A
x
Period T
Amplitude A
v f
Example
Displacement in mm
0.8
0.4
0
-0.4
-0.8
time in seconds
Example-solution
Displacement in mm
0.8
0.4
0
-0.4
-0.8
time in seconds
A = 0.6 mm
T = 0.1 s, f=1/T=10 Hz
v = f = /T
= vT = 5.0 m
v
f
flight
f sound
vlight
vsound
1,000,000
1,000,000
We will assume waves of the form y(x,t) = f(x vt) and cos(kx - wt)
d2p
1 d2p
2 2
2
dx
v dt
2 Ey
2 Ey
0 0
2
x
t2
c
2h 1 2h
2
2
x
v t2
1
3 108 m/s
0 0
= f =
y
x
z
E y E0 sin(kx t )
Bz B0 sin(kx t )
x
If the amplitude is maximum at
2
y
x
A
cos
x
x = 0, this has the functional form:
y x, t A cos
x vt A cos kx t
Exercise 2
A harmonic wave moving in the positive x direction can
be described by the equation y(x,t) = A cos ( kx - t ).
Which of the following equations describes a harmonic
wave moving in the negative x direction?
(a) y(x,t) = A sin (kx t)
(b) y(x,t) = A cos (kx t)
(c) y(x,t) = A cos (kx t)
Exercise 2
A harmonic wave moving in the positive x direction can
be described by the equation y(x,t) = A cos ( kx - t ).
Which of the following equations describes a harmonic
wave moving in the negative x direction?
(a) y(x,t) = A sin (kx t)
(b) y(x,t) = A cos (kx t)
(c) y(x,t) = A cos (kx t)
Summary
y
The formula y x , t A cos kx t
A
describes a harmonic plane
wave of amplitude A moving in
x
the
+x direction.
For a wave on a string, each point on the wave oscillates in
the y direction with simple harmonic motion of angular
frequency .
2
The wavelength is
k
The speed is
v
k
Wave Forms
Mathematical Description of
Wavepackets
y
y( x ) Ae x
y(x) Ae ( x d)
Let d = vt Then
f(x - vt) will describe the same
shape moving to the right with
speed v.
/ 2 2
x=d
y
v
y( x )
x = vt
/ 2 2
In this part of the course we will deal primarily with sound waves and electromagnetic waves (radio
frequency, microwaves, light).
How bright is the light? How loud is the sound?
Amplitude, A
SOUND WAVE:
EM WAVE:
Intensity, I
I A2
Intensity
or
Amplitude
A= I
Superposition of Waves
Movie (super_pulse)
Movie (super_pulse2)
Exercise 3
Pulse 2 has four times the peak intensity of pulse 1, i.e., I2 = 4 I1.
1. What is the maximum intensity, Imax?
(a) 4 I1
(b) 5 I1
(c) 9 I1
exercise 3
Pulse 2 has four times the peak intensity of pulse 1, i.e., I2 = 4 I1.
1. What is the maximum intensity, Imax?
(a) 4 I1
(b) 5 I1
(c) 9 I1
A2 I 2 4 I1 2 I1 2 A1
I tot Atot A1 A2 A1 2 A1 9 A12 9 I1
2
Why?
The wave equation is linear (variables appear linearly)
For linear equations, if y1 and y2 are solutions, then
y = (Ay1 + By2) is also a solution.
Superposition -- a consequence of a linear differential equation
-- is common for many types of waves: string, sound, light, and
matter waves in quantum mechanics.
Spatial dependence of
2 waves at t = 0:
Resultant wave:
Trig identity:
y = y1 +y2
A1 cos cos 2A1 cos
cos
2
2
y1 y2
kx t / 2
/ 2
Interference of Waves
Example:
Stereo speakers:
Listener:
Terminology
Constructive interference:
waves are in phase ( = 0,
2, 4, ..)
Destructive interference:
waves are out of phase
( = , 3, 5, )
I = I1 = 1 W/m2
Drive the speakers in phase. What is the intensity I at the listener?
I =
Now shift phase of one speaker by 90o.What is the intensity I at the listener?
I =
exercise 4:
Each speaker alone produces an intensity of I = 1 W/m at the listener:
Solution
1
I = A12 = I1 = 1 W/m2
Drive the speakers in phase. What is the intensity I at the listener?
Each speaker alone produces intensity I 1 = 1W/m2 at the listener, and f = 900 Hz.
d=3m
r1 = 4 m
I = I1 = 1 W/m2
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Procedure:
Compute path-length difference: =
Compute wavelength: =
Compute phase difference:
Write formula for resultant amplitude A =
Compute the resultant intensity, I = A2 =
A 1 = I1
Answer: I = ?? W/m2
References