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Physics
Montwood High School
R. Casao
dt
ex
dt
dm
F v ex
dt
dv - v ex dm
a
dt
m dt
dm
dv v ex
m
dm
Integrate each side of the dv
v ex
vo
mo
resulting differential
m
equation:
m 1
v
v v v ex
dm
The ratio mo/m is the
o
mo m
original mass divided by
the mass after the buel v v v ln m m
o
ex
mo
has been exhausted.
m
This ratio is made as
v v o v ex ln
large as possible to
mo
maximize the speed
mo
gain, which means that
v v o v ex ln
the initial mass of the
m
rocket is almost all fuel.
Vertical Motion
For a rocket fired straight up with velocity v
relative to Earth, initially to lift the rocket F th =
Fw.
Fuel is burned at a constant rate R.
Rockets mass at time t is: M = M o - Rt,
where Mo = initial mass of rocket.
Exhaust gas leaves rocket with velocity v ex
relative to the rocket.
Rate at which fuel is burned equal to rate at
which mass M decreases.
dM
v ex
dt
M g R v ex M
dv y
dt
dv y
R v ex
R
v ex g
g
dt
M
Mo R t
dv y
R v ex
g
dt
M
R v ex
dv y
g dt
M
R v ex
dv
dt
M
y
o
0
0 M
t
t
vy
R v ex
dt g dt
v y
0
0 M Rt
0
o
vy
t
1
v y 0 R v ex
dt g dt
0 M Rt
0
o
t
v y R v ex
ln R t Mo
R
v y v ex ln R t Mo
t
t
g t0
0
t
0
g t 0
v y v ex ln R t Mo ln R 0 Mo g t
v y v ex ln R t Mo ln Mo g t
v y v ex ln Mo ln R t Mo g t
Mo
v y v ex ln
g t
R t Mo
v yf v yi v ex
mi
ln
g t
mf
Burnout Velocity
Burnout velocity is the final velocity of a
rocket when all the fuel is burned away.
If Mo is the total initial mass of the rocket and
mfuel is the mass of the fuel, the burnout
velocity is:
Mo
g t
v v ex ln
Mo mfuel
Mv dM U M dM v dv
Exhaust
Rocket
or
v dv vrel U
U v dv vrel
dMvrel Mdv
Dividing each side by dt we then get:
dM
dv
vrel M
dt
dt
Rvrel Ma
Rvrel Ma
dMvrel Mdv
dM
dv vrel
M
Mf
vi
Mi
dv
v
rel
dM
M
Mi
v f vi vrel ln
Mf
Note an important point the change in velocity
is directly proportional to the relative velocity (the
exhaust velocity) the higher that is, the higher
the change in velocity of the rocket itself
Mi
v f vi vrel ln
Mf
Lets suppose that 90% of the rockets
mass is ejected as exhaust this means
that the ratio Mi/Mf is 10:1
Mi
v f vi vrel ln
Mf
6
2 x10
v f 0 3000 ln
6
1x10
v f 2079 m/s
T Rvrel
We know that 1 x 106 kg of fuel is used in
the first 2 minutes of launch, therefore:
6
1 x 10 kg 1 x 10 kg
R
8333 kg/s
2 min
120 s
T Rvrel
W ma
W 19,600,000 N
Thrust 25,000,000 N
1.28
Weight 19,600,000 N