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PROCESS IN NATURAL
SYSTEM
PHYSICAL PROCESSES
1. DILUTION
Most economical means of WW
disposal & good engineering practice
Success depends upon discharging
relatively small quantities of waste
into large bodies of water
Dilution capacity calculation use
principle of mass balance
In = Out
CQin = CQout
2. SEDIMENTATION AND
RESUSPENSION
Natures method of removing Suspended
Solid form watercourse
Most large solids will settle out readily in
quiescent water
Drawback develop anaerobic condition,
decompose of organics releasing soluble
compounds, creating unsuitable conditions
for reproduction of aquatic organism, flooding
Increased turbulence may resuspend solids
3. FILTRATION
Pebbles/rocks filter out small bits of
sediments/organic matter/clays etc
As water percolates downward into
groundwater aquifer, it is filtered if
the soil layer is deep & fine (SS
material removed completely)
Filtered water in aquifer may reenter
stream at some point downstream
4. GAS TRANSFER
Transfer of gases into/out of water is
important part of the natural purification
process
O2 lost due to bacterial
degradation/organic waste is replenished
by the transfer of O2 from air to water
Gases evolved from chemical/biological
processes in water is transferred to atm
Two important characteristics (1)
solubility and (2) transfer rate
Gas
Liquid
Solubility of gas
Solubility of gas in equilibrium with liq
is expressed by Henrys Law:
Equilibrium
mole fraction
of dissolved
gas at 1 atm
P
x
H
Pressure of gas
above liq
Henrys
coefficient
Mixture of gases
If space above liq is a mixture of gases,
each gas will have its own equilibrium
mole fraction
Daltons Law each gas in a mixture
exerts a partial pressure in proportion to
its percentage by volume in a mixture
PV ( p1 p 2 p3 ...... p n )V
or
P pi
Pi
x
Hi
Transfer rate
An important parameter in aeration
Governed by several factors,
Saturation conc
expressed as:
dC
(C S C )k
dt
Instantaneous rate of
change of the conc of
gas in the liq
Actual conc
Constant
5. HEAT TRANSFER
Bodies of water lose & gain heat more
slowly compared to land & air
Aquatic life cannot adapt to abrupt change
in T (may die)
Increase in T affect ionic strength,
conductivity, dissociation constants,
solubility & corrosion potential
Many meteorological variables, channel
characteristics (depth, width, surface area,
volume) affect heat transfer rate
CHEMICAL PROCESSES
Natural water contain many dissolved
minerals & gases they interact
chemically with one another
Oxidation-reduction, dissolutionprecipitation, other chemical
conversion may aid/obstruct natural
purification processes of natural water
system
1. CHEMICAL CONVERSIONS
Most oxidation-reduction conversions in self
purification are biochemically mediated
Nitrogen & phosphorus- considered the most
essential nutrients found in watercourse
Iron, manganese, copper, zinc, molybdenum
and cobalt micronutrients
Natural chemical conversions change
materials into other form
BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES
Many chem rxns in self purification
process must be biologically mediated
These chem rxn are not spontaneous,
need external energy source for initiation
For biodegradable organics & other
nutrients, activation energy is supplied by
microorganisms that utilize these
materials for food & energy
The sum of processes (living organisms
use food for subsistence, growth,
reproduction) is called METABOLISM
1. METABOLIC PROCESSES
Biochemical rxtn in metabolism are
extremely complicated
Two steps of processes must occur
simultaneously (1) catabolism and (2)
anabolism
Catabolism provides energy for
synthesis of new cells
Anabolism provides material
necessary for cell growth
Enzymes
Major role in biochemical rxtn
Organic catalysts influence the rxtn without
becoming reactant
In biochemical processes, lower the
activation energy to initiate rxtn
Complex protein compounds and very
specific in terms of the reaction that they
support
Microorganism use specific enzymes for each
reaction
MICROORGANISMS IN NATURAL
WATER SYSTEMS
Protista term to classify organisms
in which there is no cell specialization
(each cell is capable of carrying out
all of the functions of that organism)
Most organisms (bacteria, algae,
protozoa) of significance in natural
purification processes are protist
Protist can be plant or animal
1. BACTERIA
Role of bacteria
Heterotrophic bact are most important in
the degradation of organic material
Aerobic heterotrophs require O2 in their
metabolic process, anaerobic heterotrophs
utilize organics in absence of O 2
Facultative heterotrophs function as
aerobes when O2 present, switch to
anaerobe when no O2
Autotrophic bact oxidize N2 & S compound
to stable end products
2. PROTOZOA
3. ALGAE
OTHER ORGANISM
Response of streams to
biodegradable organic waste
Chemical & biochemical reaction
conversion process
Physical removal process
Biochemical rxtn converts organic to
biological solids and other end
product sedimentation or released
as gases
1. DISSOLVED O2 BALANCE
End products of chemical &
biochemical rxtn are in anaerobic
system (produce problem colors,
taste, odors)
The DO used must be replaced to
prevent anaerobic system
Two mechanism contribute O 2 to water
(1) reaeration and (2)algal
photosynthesis
1.1 REAERATION
When DO conc drop below equilibrium
value, net movement of O2 is from air
to water
Oxygen deficit the difference
between equilibrium conc & actual
conc
DO deficit is the driving force (deficit
and conc of DO - rate of reaeration )
2. DISSOLVED O2 MODEL
Developed by Streeter & Phelps 1925
Model predicts changes in deficit as
function of BOD exertion & stream
reaeration
3 subtopics:
Rate of O2 removal (rD = k1Lt)
Rate of O2 addition (rR = -k2D)
Oxygen sag curve
APPLICATION OF NATURAL
PROCESSES IN ENGINEERED
SYSTEM
Many physical, chemical &
bioclogical processes in natural water
system have been incorporated into
engineered system
By controlling system variables, can
maximize rate, minimize time &
space
OVERVIEW
Physical
processes
Chemical
processes
Biological
processes
-Basic removal
processes
-Frequent use :
sedimentation,
filtration, gas
transfer
-May be used to
remove materials in
raw water/wwater
-Sedimentation =
clarification
TUTORIAL
3.2, 3.7, 3.11, 3.14, 3.19 & 3.20
(HOMEWORK)