SUPW Project Work

ON
ELECTRICITY

Made By SOURAV PANDA

CLASS X- A
ROLL NO 35 ( Changed after a
T.C now it is 34 )
1

Atoms
Have

neutrons, protons, and

electrons.

Protons

are positively charged

Electrons

are negatively charged

Electrons
Are

located on the outer edges of

atomsthey can be moved.

A concentration

of electrons in an
atom creates a net negative charge.

If

electrons are stripped away, the

atom becomes positively charged.

Conductors vs. Insulators

Conductors

material through
which electric current flows easily.

Insulators

materials through
which electric current cannot
move.

Examples
Conductors:
Metals
Water

Insulators:
Styrofoam
Rubber
Plastic
Paper

Static Electricity
The

build up of an electric charge on the surface of an object.

The

charge builds up but does not flow.

Static

electricity is
potential energy.
It does not move.
It is stored.

Static Discharge
Occurs

when there is a loss of static

electricity due to three possible
things:
Friction

- rubbing
Conduction direct contact
Induction through an electrical field
(not direct contact)

Electricity that moves

Current: The

flow of electrons
from one place to another.
Measured in amperes (amps)
Kinetic energy

How can we control currents?

With

circuits.
Circuit: is a path for the flow of
electrons. We use wires.

There are 2 types of currents:

Direct

Current (DC) Where electrons flow in the same direction

in a wire.

Anything

with a battery

Alternating

Current (AC)

electrons flow in different directions in a wire

Anything

you plug into an outlet

simple circuits
Here is a simple electric circuit. It has a cell, a
lamp and a switch.

cell

wires

switch

lamp

To make the circuit, these components are connected

together with metal connecting wires.

simple circuits
When the switch is closed, the lamp lights up. This is
because there is a continuous path of metal for the
electric current to flow around.

If there were any breaks in the circuit, the

current could not flow.

circuit diagram
Scientists usually draw electric circuits using symbols;

battery

ammeter

lamp

voltmeter

switch

motor

wires

resistor

types of circuit
There are two types of electrical circuits;
SERIES CIRCUITS

PARALLEL CIRCUITS

SERIES CIRCUITS

The components are connected end-to-end, one

after the other.
They make a simple loop for the current to flow
round.
If one bulb blows it breaks the whole circuit and
all the bulbs go out.

PARALLEL CIRCUITS

The components are connected side by side.

The current has a choice of routes.
If one bulb blows there is still be a complete circuit to
the other bulb so it stays alight.

measuring current
Electric current is measured in amps (A) using an
ammeter connected in series in the circuit.
Measures how many electrons move past a certain point

measuring current
SERIES CIRCUIT
current is the same
at all points in the
circuit.

2A

2A
2A

PARALLEL CIRCUIT
current is shared
between the
components

2A

2A
1A
1A

What is Resistance?
The

opposition to the flow of an

electric current, producing heat.
The greater the resistance, the
less current gets through.
Good conductors have low
resistance.
Measured in ohms.

What Influences Resistance?

Material

of wire aluminum and

copper have low resistance
Thickness the thicker the wire the
lower the resistance
Length shorter wire has lower
resistance
Temperature lower temperature has
lower resistance

What is Voltage?
The

measure of force given to the

charge flowing in a circuit.
The greater the voltage, the
greater the force or pressure
that drives the charge through the
circuit.

Difference between Volts and Amps

Example

you
could say that
Amps

measure
how much water
comes out of a
hose.
Volts measure how
hard the water
comes out of a
hose.

Ohms Law
Ohm's Law states that in a simple electrical circuit, the
voltage (V) equals the electrical current (I) times the
resistance (R).
V = IR
where:
V is the voltage in volts
I is the current in amperes or amps
R is the resistance in ohms

()

Ohms Law

Voltage
Voltage is the electrical potential energy and is measured in
volts.
Current
Current indicates the amount of electrons passing through
the wire and is measured in amperes or amps for short.
Use I to indicate current instead of a different letter.
The unit symbol for amps is A, as in 2.0A.
Resistance
Electrical resistance can be thought of as the "friction" on
the movement of electrons in a wire. Resistance is
measured in ohms, and the unit symbol for it is the Greek
letter omega, .
Most devices in an electrical circuit can be considered
resistors, including light bulbs and electric motors.

Practice with Ohms Law

Ohms
4
15
2
9
6

Volts
100
150
30
45
48

Amps
25
10
15
5
8

29

* Please Note That On Submission

Of This Project The Roll No. Was
Changed To 34 .. Please Refer To
The Class Register Or Kindly Follow
THE NAME of 30
the STUDENT.