TUBAL

LIGATION

Tubal Ligation

Surgical technique
Close fallopian tubes,
preventing egg from
traveling to uterus,
preventing sperm from
reaching egg
Neither organs nor
glands are removed
Effectiveness: 99%+
Considered irreversible

Tubal Ligation

Tubal sterilization:
Tubes can be tied and cut

(Pomeroy technique)
Tubes can be cauterized
Tubes can be clipped,
clamped
These incision methods
often performed after
childbirth/abortion

Tubal Ligation
Side effects: thought by many to
be rare; hormonal imbalance may
lead to increased menstrual
bleeding, cramping; adhesions
Complications: infection, internal
bleeding, ectopic pregnancy

LAPaROSCOPY

Laparoscopy
-It is a surgery that uses a thin, lighted
tube put through a cut (incision) in the
belly to look at the abdominal organs
or the female pelvic organs .
-Laparoscopy is used to find problems
such as cysts, adhesions, fibroids ,
and infection. Tissue samples can be
taken for biopsy through the tube
(laparoscope).

Why It Is Done
Check for and possibly take out abnormal growths (such as
tumors) in the belly or pelvis.
Check for and treat conditions such as endometriosis,
ectopic pregnancy, or pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) .
Find conditions that can make it hard for a woman to
become pregnant. These conditions include cysts,
adhesions, fibroids, and infection. Laparoscopy may be
done after initial infertility tests do not show the cause for
the infertility.
See whether cancer in another area of the body has spread
to the belly.
Check for damage to internal organs, such as the spleen,
after an injury or accident.
Do a tubal ligation.

LAPAROTOMY

LAPAROTOMY
A laparotomy is performed under general
anaesthesia. The surgeon makes a single cut
through the skin and muscle of the abdomen, so
that the underlying organs can be clearly viewed.
The exposed organs are then carefully examined.
Once diagnosed, the problem may be fixed on
the spot (for example, a perforated bowel may be
repaired). In other cases, a second operation may
be needed. Once the laparotomy is complete, the
muscle of the abdominal wall and the overlying
skin are sutured (sewn) closed.

Laparotomy is a surgical incision

into the abdominal cavity. This is
performed to examine the abdominal
organs and aid diagnosis.

Another name for laparotomy is

abdominal exploration. A common
reason for a laparotomy is to
investigate abdominal pain.

A laparotomy is performed under

general anaesthesia.

VASECTOMY

Vasectomy
Vasectomy is a form of birth control for
men that is meant to be permanent.
During vasectomy, a health care provider
closes or blocks the tubes that carry
sperm. When the tubes are closed, sperm
cannot leave a man's body and it cant
cause pregnancy.

Vasectomy
No glands or
organs are
removed
Effectiveness:
99%+
Considered
irreversible

Types of Vasectomy:
NO-INCISION METHOD
With the no-incision ("noscalpel") method, the skin of
the scrotum is not cut. One
tiny puncture is made to
reach both tubes. The tubes
are then tied off, cauterized,
or blocked. The tiny
puncture heals quickly. No
stitches are needed, and no
scarring takes place.

Incision Method

Usually, a local anesthetic is injected into the pelvic

area. Then, the doctor makes an incision on each
side of the scrotum to reach each vas deferens
the tubes that carry sperm. Each tube is blocked. In
most procedures, a small section of each tube is
removed. Tubes may be tied off or blocked with
surgical clips.

Vasectomy may be right for

you if:
You want to enjoy having sex without causing pregnancy.
You don't want to have a child biologically in the future.
You don't want to pass on a hereditary illness or
disability.
Your partner's health would be threatened by a future
pregnancy.
You and your partner have concerns about the side
effects of other methods.
You and your partner agree that your family is complete,
and no more children are wanted.

Vasectomy may not be a good choice for you

if you:

may want to have a child biologically in the

future
are being pressured by a partner, friends, or
family

Side effects
Bruising
Sensitivity/pain for up to a few weeks

past the procedure

Sperm leaking from tubes may lead
to small lump (usually clears up on its
own)
Antibodies to sperm may develop,
reducing chances of fertility in a
reversal

Vasectomy
Complications

Rare
Usually associated with infection (fever,
pus/blood from incision site, swelling,
pain)
Decreased sexual desire (4 out of 1000
cases per Planned Parenthood) - no
apparent physical cause