Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
J. M. KHARCHE
1
Components of TVRO
(Television Receive only Terminal)
2
TVRO Setup
3
Types of PDA
4) Monopod
4
Antenna Type
Cassegrian Gregorian Prime Focus
5
PDA Prime focus
6
PDA Principle
7
PDA
8
Prime Focus Cassegrain PDA
9
Prime Focus PDA
10
Offset PDA
11
Offset PDA
12
Monopod Uplink PDA
13
PDA in Radome
14
Dual PDA
15
Ku band PDA (Auto Tracking)
16
Ku band PDA (Auto Tracking)
17
PDA for 5 Satellites in 8 Deg Arc
18
Offset PDA with Multi Feed
19
Future PDA
20
Future PDA
21
Multiple Path for RF Signals
1 DIRECT
2 REFLECTED
3 TROPO-SCATTER
4 IONOSPHERIC HOP
5 SATELLITE RELAY
6 GROUND WAVE
22
Main parameter of PDA
1) Size (Diameter) (Gain)
2) Focal length
3) Feed mounting
(a) Prime focus
(b) Offset
4) Mount
(a) X-Y mount
(b) Polar mount
5) G/T
23
Types of Receive Feeds
1. Linear
2. Dual Linear Orthogonal
1. 1 Horizontal
2. 1 Vertical
3. Dual Linear
1. 2 Horizontal or 2 Vertical
4. Circular
1. With Polarization Motor
2. Without Polarization Motor
5. Dual Band
6. Tri Band 24
Polarization
25
Single Linear C band
26
Dual Linear Orthogonal
27
Feed circular Ku Band
28
Dual Linear Orthogonal C band Feed
29
Dual Linear C band Feed
30
Single Circular Feed
31
Dual Circular C band Feed
32
Dual band circular C & Ku Band Feed
33
Dual band circular C & Ku Band Feed
34
Dual Band Linear Orthogonal C& Ku band Feed
35
Tri band C, Ku & S band Feed
36
Why LNB is needed?
•A signal from a satellite is a very low power signal.
•The satellite reception dish does a first amplification by reflecting
and concentrating the signal received into one focus point.
•The LNB, mounted exactly at this point in front of the parabolic
dish, further amplifies this signal because it is till very weak.
•This amplified satellite signal cannot be sent directly though a coax
cable. Due to this still very high frequency (3.7GHz to 4.3GHz in C
band and 10 to 13GHz in Ku band) sending this signal directly into a
coax cable would result in very high signal loss.
This is why the LNB also converts the signal into a lower
frequency. The LNBC's LO Frequency determines how
many Mhz the signal is converted downwards.
37
Block Diagram of LNBC
38
Block Diagram of Ku Band LNBC
H
22 KC
18 V DC
H 22 KC in
From feed C/O C/O DC in
IF out
V
13 V DC
0 KC
39
Types of LNBC
1) LNBC (only Low Noise Block Converter)
1) C-band
1) Professional
2) Commercial
2) Ku-band
1) Professional
2) Commercial
2) LNBF (Low Noise Block Converter along with
integrated feed.)
1) Ku-band
1) Commercial
2) C-band
1) Commercial 40
Frequency response of commercial LNBC
41
Frequency response of professional LNBC
42
Ku-Band LNBF Specifications
1) Input frequency range:
a) Low band:10.7~11.7GHz
b) High band:11.7~12.75GHz
2) Output frequency range:
a) Low band: 950~1,950GHz
b) High band: 1,100~2,150GHz
3) L.o. frequency: 9.75/10.6 GHz±1MHz (max.) at 25°C
4) L.o. frequency stability: 9.75/10.6GHz ± 2MHz (max.) at
-40~+60°C
5) Output connector type: 75Ω female connector
6) Output VSWR: 2.0:1 (typical)
7) Conversion gain: 58dB (min.)
8) Gain variation: 5dB at all band
9) Image rejection: 45dB (min.)
10) Cross polarization: 20dB (min.)
11) DC current consumption: 90mA (max.)
43
Types of Ku band LNBC
1) Low band
2) High band
44
LNBF C band
45
LNBF Ku band
46
Dual LNBF Ku band
47
Low Loss Cable
• Co-axial Cable
– Single Braiding
– Double Braiding
– Foil Shielding
48
RF Connectors
• N connector
• F connector
49
Types of System Units or Splitters
1. Passive- 1 to 2, 1 to 4, 1 to 8.
1. With DC Power Supply for LNBC
2. Without DC Power Supply for LNBC
2. Active- 1 to 8, 1 to 16, 1 to 32……. etc.
50
Use of a Splitter or Distribution Amplifier
51
Frequency Calculation IRD + LNB
52
Calculation of L-Band Frequency
Where:
• FS D/L = Transponder’s Down link transmitting
frequency.
• FLO = LNBC's local oscillator frequency.
53
Frequency Bands for Satellite Communication
54
TVRO Tracking
a) Connect the equipments (as per diagram).
b) Enter receive parameters in IRD.
c) Connect one output of LNBC to spectrum
analyser. Set the center frequency, RBW, VBW
Span and keep low retrace time/ sweep time.
d) Bring PDA’s Azimuth & Elevation angle near to
the required value.
e) Optimise the Azimuth & Elevation alternatively
till the telemetry signal is peaked.
f) Optimise feed’s focal point.
g) Optimise feed’s polarisation by rotating in either
55
side for liner feeds. Continue …..
Continue…. TVRO Tracking
56
Telemetry of INSAT-2E
57
C-10 Txd of INSAT-2E
58
Precautions during Maintenance
a) Do not climb on the PDA.
b) Do not allow trapping of moisture inside a feed
(due to rain, nesting, bees, dust, dew etc.).
c) Put seal on LNBCs output connector.
d) Tie the low loss cable on PDA and give support.
e) Provide Earthing on top of PDA to avoid failure
of LNBC during Lightening.
f) Greasing of screw jacks once in a year.
g) Greasing of motors every two year.
h) Earth resistance measurement & Watering of
earth pits during summer. 59
Requirement for Reception of Satellite Signal
•Foot prints of satellite in that geographical area
•Parking slot of the satellite
•Longitude and Latitude of the place
•Calculation of Look angle i.e. Azimuth and Elevation
•Down link frequency
•Polarization
•Symbol rate
•FEC
60
Pas10 Footprint-Ku band India beam
61
INSAT 3A Footprint-C band Expanded
beam
62
INSAT 3C Footprint-C band India beam
63
Telemetry of Satellites
64
Advantages of IRD over Analog Receiver
• Enhanced quality.
65
Parts of IRD
1) RF Module.
2) Demodulator
3) CAM Module.
5) Decoder.
66
Signal path in a IRD
67
Input of IRD
68
Types of IRD
I R D
P r o f e s s io n a l C o m m e r c ia l
4 : 2 : 0 4 : 2 : 0 & 4 : 42 : 2 : 0 4 : 2 : 0
C I & C A C I & C A F T A C I & C A
W it h o u t WD ai t t h a o u t WD ai t t h a o u t WD ai t t h a o u t
W it h D a Wt a it h D a Wt a it h D a Wt a it h D a
69
Configuration parameter for IRD
1) Carrier Frequency.
2) Polarisation
4) FEC
5) Symbol Rate.
70
Input card
71
RF Receiver Loop through
72
Output of IRD
73
Rear Panel Section
74
Data Output
(a) Low Speed Data: Some Prof. IRDs can deliver
Low speed data (LSD) transfer rates up to 115
Kbps over RS-232 port
(b) High Speed Data: Some professional IRDs can
deliver High Speed Data (HSD) transfer rates upto
20 Mbps over a balance RS-422 port.
(c) Ethernet Data: Some Prof. IRDs can deliver data
at transfer rates up to 100 Mbps over Ethernet
port.
75
De-scrambling
(A) Internal CAS:
• Most of the professional IRDs are equipped with internal de-scrambler
and two independent DVB-CI Common Interface slots.
• The internal DVB de-scrambler is suitable for manufacturers own
proprietary CAS (e.g. CODI Crypt in Scopus 2800 IRDs, RAS in NDS
Altea IRDs).
(B) External CAS:
• DVB-CI can be used to decipher encrypted DVB signals by means of
authorized smart card and CA specific CAM (Conditional Access
Module).
• CA methods: Multcrypt, Simulcrypt
• CAS: Irdeto, Beta Crypt, NDS Videoguard, CODICrypt, Viaccess,
Conax, Cryptoworks, Aston, On Digital, Digicipher 2, Nagravision,
Canal+.
76
De-scrambling conti….
(C) BISS-E:
• Most of the professional IRDs are equipped with BISS-E
internal de-scrambler.
– Mode-0 : No Encryption
– Mode-1 : Fixed Control Word (CW) derived from Clear
Session Word (SW) (12 Characters)
– Mode-E : Fixed Control Word derived from Encrypted Session
Word (ESW) (16 Characters)
77
BISS-E
14 ch
16 ch 12 ch
78
DVB CI Module & Smart Card
79
What is PCMCIA
80
Calculation of Symbol Rate
To Calculate the Symbol Rate for QPSK configuration:
• Tip: The front panel Left Arrow key is a direct shortcut to "DVB Service" menu.
82
Front Panel Menu
83
Functional Model of MPEG-2
Transport Stream De-multiplexing
PID n
System bit
stream Program
map PID
PID 0
Program map
Program association table
table
Dump other
transport packets
Video Program
Coding multiplex
Transport Reed-
1 multiplex Solomon
Audio
204,188
Coding
Outer Inter- Inner Modulator
Data Code leaver code (QPSK)
Coding 2
N
Satellite Channel Adaptation
MPEG-2 source
coding and multiplex
85
Control Cable Configuration
86
IRD with ASI Loop through
87
Thank You
88