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Significant Differences
Our Problem:
What we know:
= 2.70
X =
3.00
s=
0.70
n=
117
Questions to ask:
Two Possibilities:
1.
2.
1.
2.
Testing Hypotheses:
Using The Five Step Model
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Random sampling
= )
(In other words, the sample mean of 3.0 really the same as
the population mean of 2.7 the difference is not real but
is due to chance.)
Alpha () = .05
samples ( 100)
Z
N
Z
s n 1
Summary:
Summary (cont.)
Rule of Thumb:
(One
WhenSample
the sampleT-Test)
size is small
Degrees of Freedom
t
S
n 1
Example
1. Random sample
2. Level of measurement is interval-ratio
3. The sample is small (<30)
Solution (cont.)
Step 2: State the null and alternate hypotheses.
= )
= )
Solution (cont.)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Solution (cont.)
458 440
t
4.5
S
20
n 1
26 1
Ps Pu
Pu (1 Pu ) / n
Example
Solution:
Step 1:
Random sample
L.O.M. is nominal
The sample is large
Step 2:
H0: Pu = .55 (convert % to proportion)
(Note you can also say H0: Ps = Pu )
H1: Pu .55 (H1: Ps Pu
Step 3:
The sample is large, use Z distribution
Alpha () = .05
Critical Z = 1.96
Solution (cont.)
Step 4
Ps Pu
.49 .55
1.48
Pu (1 Pu ) / n
.55(1 .55) / 150
Step 5
Z (obtained) < Z (critical)
Fail to reject Ho. There is no significant difference
between the state population and the precincts.
Main Considerations in
Hypothesis Testing:
Sample size
Alpha () level