Coordinate Geometry

Advantages of plane rectangular coordinate system

Computation examples

ERE 371

Common Equations
C

Sine rule

B
A
BC
AC
AB

sinA sinB sinC

ERE 371

Common Equations
C

Cosine rule

B
A
BC2 AC2 AB2 2(AC)(AB)cosA
AC2 BA 2 BC2 2(BA)(BC)cosB
AB2 CB2 CA 2 2(CB)(CA)cosC

ERE 371

Equation for a Line

Consider two points on a line: (XA, YA) and (XB, YB)
(XB, YB)

YB - YA
(XA, YA)
XB - XA

Equation describing line is:

X XA
Y YA

X B X A YB YA

ERE 371

Length and Direction

Recall
L dep2 lat 2 (X B X A )2 (YB YA )2

dep
1 X B X A

tan

lat
YB YA

tan1

ERE 371

Equation for a Line

General equation for a line: aX + bY + c = 0
slope = -a/b

y-intercept = -c/b

x-intercept = -c/a

X XA
Y YA

X B X A YB YA

(X X A )(YB YA ) (Y YA )(X B X A ) 0
(YB YA )X (X B X A )Y (YA X B X A YB ) 0

YB YA
1
slope

X B X A tan(Az AB )

ERE 371

Normal form of Equation for Line

General equation for a line
aX + bY + c = 0

Normal form for equation for a line

a
a b
2

b
a b
2

c
a b

Application of normal form

ERE 371

Normal form of Equation for Line

bY
+
aX

0
=
c
+

(XP, YP)

a
a b
2

XP

b
a b
2

YP

ERE 371

c
a b
2

Translation of Origin
Y

X'p = Xp Cx

Y'

Y'p = Yp CY
(X'P,Y'P)
(XP,YP)
X'

X
ERE 371

Line Intersections
4345500

B
4345450

4345400
4345350

A
4345300

4345250

ERE 371

A 643109

4345327

B 643218

4345461

C 643158

4345298

D 642998

4345427

Evaluating Intersections
Translate origin to make coordinates smaller
Subtract 642,990 from X
Subtract 4,345,290 from Y

A 643109

4345327

A'

119

37

B 643218

4345461

B'

228 171

C 643158

4345298

C'

168

D 642998

4345427

D'

8 137

ERE 371

Evaluating Intersections cont.

Form equations for lines containing A'B' and C'D'
X X A'
Y YA'

XB' X A' YB' YA'

X X C'
Y YC'

X D' X C' YD' YC'

X 119
Y 37

228 119 171 37

X 168
Y8

8 168 137 8

Rearrange to general form

134X 109Y 11913 = 0
129X + 160Y 22952 = 0

ERE 371

Evaluating Intersections cont.

Solve simultaneous equations
134X 109Y 11913 0
134X 109Y 11913

109
109
109

134X
11913

Y
109
109

(1)

129X 160Y 22952 0

129X 160Y 22952

160
160
160
(1)+ (2)

129X
22952

Y
160
160

X = 124.2

Substitute into (1) and solve for Y

Y = 43.3

ERE 371

(2)

Evaluating Intersections cont.

Based on simultaneous equations

A'

119

B'

228 171

C'

168

D'

37

Verify

8 137

ERE 371

Readings
Chapter 11 sections 11.1 11.4

ERE 371

Area Calculation
Application

Issue

Unit conversion

ERE 371

Area by Division in Figures

Approach

C
area s(s a)(s b)(s c)

Where s = (a + b + c)

b
B
A

area = ab sinC

c
ERE 371

Area by Offsets
Approach

h1

h2

h
h
area b 0 h1 h2 n
2
2

ERE 371

Area by Offsets
Approach

h1

area

h2

1
a h0 h1 b h1 h2 c h2 h3
2

ERE 371

Area by Coordinates
Approach

D (XD, YD)

Area = [XA(YD-YB) + XB(YA-YC)

+ XC(YB-YD) + XD(YC-YA)]
C (XC, YC)

A (XA, YA)

B (XB, YB)

ERE 371

Area by Coordinates
D

A
B

ERE 371

Area by Coordinates
(XD-XA)

area1 = (XD-XA)(YD-YA)
area2 = (XB-XA)(YA-YB)

(YD-YA)

A
(YA-YB)

2
B

(XB-XA)

ERE 371

Area by Coordinates
(XD-XA)

area3 = [(XD-XA)+(XC-XA)](YD-YC)

area4 = [(XC-XA)+(XB-XA)](YC-YB)
(YD-YC)

3
C
(XC-XA)

(YC-YB)

A
B

(XB-XA)

ERE 371

Area by Coordinates
area = area3 + area4 - area1 - area2
= [(XD-XA) + (XC-XA)](YD-YC) + [(XC-XA) + (XB-XA)](YC-YB)
- (XD-XA)(YD-YA) - (XB-XA)(YA-YB)
= [XAYB + XBYC + XCYD + XDYA - XBYA + XCYB + XDYC + XAYD]
XA

= [XA(YD-YB) + XB(YA-YC) + XC(YB-YD) + XD(YC-YA)]

YA

XB

YB

XC

YC

XD

YD

XA

YA

Area = |sum (plus products) sum (minus products)|

ERE 371

Example Calculation by Coordinates

D (XD, YD)
C (XC, YC)

A (XA, YA)

B (XB, YB)

Station X Coordinate Y Coordinate

Station

X'

Y'

10000.000 m

5000.000 m

0.000 m 10.000 m

10015.181 m

5026.023 m

15.181 m 36.023 m

10053.143 m

5019.205 m

53.143 m 29.205 m

10058.144 m

4994.084 m

58.144 m

ERE 371

4.084 m

Example Calculation by Coordinates

XA

YA

XB

YB

XC

YC

XD

YD

XA

YA

Station

X'

Y'

0.000 m

10.000 m

15.181 m

36.023 m

53.143 m

29.205 m

58.144 m

4.084 m

0.000 m

10.000 m

area = [XAYB + XBYC + XCYD + XDYA - XBYA + XCYB + XDYC + XAYD]

= [0 + 443.361 + 217.036 + 581.440 151.810 1914.370
1698.096 0]
= [-2522.439 m2] = 1261.219 m2

ERE 371

Area from Maps

Approaches

Accuracy of calculated area

ERE 371

Scaling Geometric Components

Example
Map with scale 1:1000
Rectangular area on map: dimensions 1.25 in x 2.35 in

Solution
Scale dimensions to ground units
1
1.25 in
1000 1.25

x
1250 in
1000
x in
1

1250 in

1ft
104.17 ft
12 in

1
2.35 in
1000 2.35

y
2350 in
1000
y in
1

2350 in

1ft
195.83 ft
12 in

Calculate ground area = 104.17 ft x 195.83 ft = 20,399 ft2

20399 ft 2

1 acre
0.468 acres
2
43560ft

ERE 371

Scaling Geometric Components

Example
Map with scale 1:1000
Rectangular area on map: dimensions 1.25 in x 2.35 in

Solution
Calculate area in map units: 1.25 in x 2.35 in = 2.9375 in2
Scale map area to ground area

2.9375 in2

1000
1 acre
1 ft

1
43560 ft 2
12 in

1ft 2
1 acre
1000000
2.9375 in

0.468 acres

2
2
1

144 in 43560 ft
2

ERE 371

Errors and Mistakes in Area Computation

Errors

Mistakes

ERE 371

Readings
Chapter 12 sections 12.1 12.5, 12.9 12.11

ERE 371