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The Essence in
Thermal Energy Storage
Flywheel Energy in
Energy Storage Compressed Spring Gravitational
Potential Energy
Thermal Energy Storage
14%
Others 24%
Air conditioning
2% Ventilation
42% 18%
Motors Lighting
Cooler Evaporator
Reservoir
Storage Strategies
Full storage
• discharging or complete solidification
is generated during off peak periods.
Partial storage
• discharging during off peak periods
based on the immediate thermal needs
on a specific peak time on the
following day.
Thermal Energy Storage Mechanisms
Sensible Heat Storage - Thermal energy stored by
temperature change.
Latent Heat Storage - Thermal energy stored
and released by a
reversible change of state
in an isothermal process.
• Solid – gas • Solid – liquid
• Liguid – gas • Solid – solid
Thermochemical Heat Storage
- Thermal energy absorbed
in chemical reactions.
Sensible Heat Storage Materials
Heat Heat
Exchanger Exchanger
Ice
Water
Encapsulated type
Compressor
Condensing
Ice Storage Tank Unit Evaporator
A diagram of package ice storage
Latent Heat Storage Materials
1. Salt Hydrates – inorganic compounds of
salt and water
2. Organic Materials – paraffins and fatty
acids
3. Eutectic Mixtures – solutions of organic and
inorganic components
4°C Thermal
Idletime Discharging Load
Electricity Energy
Pump Pump
Refrigeration Storage Cooled
Air
water
Warm water Cold
Water
water Distribution
Room or 12 L•s–1 System
Space Unit Cooled Heat
Cooled
End-Use Exchanger
air water
(25 – 27C) Unit
Thermochemical Storage Materials
Reversible chemical reaction
Adsorption
Condenser
QrR
Heating phase
Reactor Storage
Cooling phase
QcR
Evaporator
QE
Base operation of a solid absorbent
solar cooling system.
Integration of base-load chiller, TES chiller,
and TES system models within a Cooling Loop.
Q ice
m ice
c p , water Tinlet TLoop setpo int
Operation Modes
• dormant mode: u = 0;
• charging mode: u > 0;
and
• discharging mode: u <
0.
Dormant Mode Discharging Mode
• u=0
• u<0
• Tinlet = Texit
• If discharge cannot
• No storage capacity to
be provided by the
handle building cooling
TES system,
loads
Q ice
m ice
Charging Mode c p , water Tinlet TLoop setpo int
• u>0 m ice = the TES water mass flow rate (kg/s),
Q ice = TES cooling load (W),
TLoop setpoint = the supply loop setpoint water
temperature (C).
Total availability destroyed
Figure of Merit
Total availability entered
As functions of:
• availability of entering gas streams due to T &P being
greater than ambient
• entropy generation by transient heat conduction within the
storage element
• entropy generation due to convection heat transfer between
the gas and storage material
• entropy generation during the dwell period due to transient
heat conduction within the storage material
• availability destroyed by heat transfer between the exiting
gas and the environment during the storage period.
Applications
• Building cooling/heating systems
• Power utilization in space missions
• Electronics
• Coal fired stations
• energy storage
• industrial waste heat recovery
• greenhouse heating
Heating/cooling Thermal Heating/cooling
source Energy Storage load
System
dE dme
Rate of change of total Q CV W CV
energy from the energy dt dt
equation m i htot ,i m e htot ,e
d T0
Transfer by heat at T 1 QCV
dt T
dV
Transfer by shaft/boundary work WCV P0
dt
Transfer by flow m m
i i e e