No Load Losses in The Transformer

Measurement of Losses on
Transformer
IEC-60076-3
Speaker: Eng. Mahmoud Samir

Engineer DTS Trainer
No load Loss on the

transformer
There are mainly two types of losses in the transformer
1. No load loss
2. Load loss:
1. No load loss
Losses are important for an economic operation of
the net work. The no load loss is also called as iron
loss or core loss. It is the electrical power lost in
terms of heat within the core of electrical equipment,
when cores are subjected to AC magnetizing force. It
is composed of several types of losses - Hysteresis
loss, eddy current loss within individual laminations
and inter-laminar losses that may arise if laminations
are not sufficiently insulated from each other. These
losses are occurred in the core with out load on the
transformer and hence it is called no load loss.
No load Loss on the transformer

Core Materials
The core material is made up of Cold Rolled Grain
Orient (CRGO)Silicon Steel.
The chemical composition of the GO steels has
about 3.2% of Silicon as an alloy, thereby
increasing the specified volume resistivity of the
steel, thereby reducing the eddy currents. GO
Steels are also decarbonizes and have no more
than 0.06% of carbon in their chemical
composition, which prevents ageing of the steel.
There is a special carlite insulation coating on the
steel, which reduces the inter-laminar eddy current
losses within the core.
No load Loss on the

transformer
Core material
American Iron and Steel Institute which gave for
CRGO Silicon Steel materials with M as a prefix and
a number following (e.g. M4, M5, M6 etc.) M
indicates magnetic material, and the number
following approximately indicated the core loss of
CRGO material in watts per lb. at 1.5T and 60
cycles. Today however, this number is not relevant,
but still denotes the accepted grade and popularly
used throughout the world (e.g. M4 denoted
magnetic
material
having
core
loss
of
approx.0.4W/lb at 1.5T/60Hz).
No load Loss on the

transformer
Improper handling of strip, sheets or long
Laminations
can introduce stresses that can
distort magnetic properties. These stresses are
usually plastic stresses.
Tests conducted in the laboratory Single Sheet
Tester showed a
deterioration of 7% in core loss for material that
was bent.
However after stress relief annealing at 820C,
the
deterioration was only 2% and most of the
original magnetic
properties (with respect to core loss) of the
material were
No load Loss on the

transformer
Burrs:
The residual steel on the edge of steel sheet
where shearing or punching during fabrication
has taken place, thereby increasing the thickness
on the edge and reducing the stacking factor.
Burrs can be reduced by accurate and precise
fabrication and having cutting blades and tools
well sharpened at all times. They can also be
reduced by de burring and stress relief annealing.
What is the use of core
The core is the main part of a transformer and is
for the magnetic path of the flux.
Losses on the
transformer
Why using laminated core:
The core is laminated to reduce no load losses.
The eddy current losses due to eddy current
circulation in the core is proportional to the square
of the thickness of the core. If the thickness is
reduce, the eddy current loss and heating of core
is also reduced. The surface of the laminated core
is providing with cooling of insulating varnish or
insulating oxide layer to layer to prevent eddy
current. Burrs and sharp edges shall be avoided,
the core bolts should be fully insulated to prevent
continuous path to circulating current and heating
due to hysteresis loss.
No load Loss on the

transformer
Silicon steel raises the permeability at low flux
density and
to reduce hysteresis loss and eddy current loss.
No load loss having two component
1. Active or working iron loss component, Iw.= Io Cos
2. Magnetizing iron loss component, Im= Io
Magnetizing Current = Io = Iw2 + Im2
The no load loss= Vo x Io x Cos
Sine
No load Losson the

transformer
Most of the steel factories have now switched
over to the following method of grading Grain
Oriented Steels:
(Thickness) (Brand Name) (Core loss at
1.7T/50Hz)
For e.g.. Nippon Steel grade 23ZH100 means
thickness 0.23mm, ZH is the brand name for Hi-B
for Nippon Steel and 100 means 1.00W/kg at
1.7T/50Hz.
Similarly 23 RGH100 IS Kawasaki Steel the same
material name is 23ORSIH100, the Thyssen Krupp
Eklectrical Steel (TKES) nomenclature for the
same material.

Hysteresis loss
The power expended in a magnetic material as a result
of the lack of correspondence between the changes in
induction resulting from the increase or decrease of
magnetizing force which is a result of it being cyclic,
i.e. alternating
Hysteresis loss is proportional to max and f
Where max = Flux (maximum), f = frequency,
(Permeability of materials : Air=1, Iron=5000, copper=
1, Nickel=600 , vacuum =4 10 -7 hentry/m)
Hysteresis loss is depending on the quality of the core
materials. High Permeability and low flux density core
materials is reducing the hysteresis loss

Eddy Current Loss:
This component of core loss is the energy lost by the
circulating current induced in the metal by the
variation of magnetic fields in the metal. Therefore,
more uniform the magnetic field in the metal,
lower the eddy current losses.
Eddy Current Loss is proportional to = 2 f2 t 2
= Flux , f = frequency, t= thickness of the core
material
Eddy Current Loss is proportional to the square of the
thickness of the core materials.
Inter-laminar Loss: The power expended in a stacked
or wound core as a result of weak insulation
resistance between Laminations resulting in the
flow of eddy current within a core, across
Measurement of No load
loss and No load Current
This test is a routine test of the transformer during FAT.
The no load loss Po and no load current Io are determined
at rated voltage and at rated frequency. The test is
normally carried out at different voltage levels usually from
90% to 110% at 5% intervals. Some times it is from 85% to
120% according to the requirement of the specification.
The voltage shall be applied either from High Voltage (HV)
side of the transformer or from the Low Voltage (LV)side of
the transformer keeping other side open condition.
Suppose, the transformer HV/LV voltage is 132/12 kV and
if applied at HV side, it need 132kV +20% source
transformer to perform at the above mentioned voltage
levels.
Hence, normally all transformer manufacturers
are doing the no load loss by exciting LV side of
the transformer. Rated excitation is required
either exciting from HV side or LV side with the
respective rated voltage of the winding.
Following losses will be occurred at no load
condition of the transformer.
Iron loss or core loss
Dielectric loss in the insulation
load loss caused by the no load current.
The last two losses are very small and hence,
generally ignored.
During the no load loss measurement, the applied
voltage wave from
some what differ from the
sinusoidal form. This is due to the harmonics in the
magnetizing current which caused additional voltage
drop in the impedance of the applied voltage. Hence
during this loss measurement, an average type volt
meter ( Mean Value Volt meter) is referred in the VT
secondary for the applied voltage as required the %
of excitation and taken as U. At the same time, a
volt meter responsive to the r.m.s value of the
applied voltage shall be connected in parallel with
the mean value voltmeter and taken as U. The
reading of the mean value and r.m.s voltmeters are
different. The test voltage wave shape is satisfactory
if, the reading of U and U are equal or with in the
3% range.
A wave form correction factor shall be
applied to the measured loss as per the
below formula for getting actual loss at
sinusoidal wave form of the applied voltage.
Po = Pm (1+d)
Where d= U-U
( usually negative
value )
U
Where Po = corrected loss, Pm= Measured
loss,
U= mean value Voltmeter reading
and U= r.m.s Voltmeter reading.
The frequency of the applied voltage shall be at the rated
frequency of 50Hz. If the frequency is differ from the rated
value and is with in the IEC tolerance of 3% (48.5 to 51.5
Hz) a frequency correction factor also required to the
applied voltage. Consider the test frequency is 49Hz and
51 HZ. The corresponding correction in the applied voltage
will be 49 X V and 51 X V respectively, since the
50
50
core is designed for the rated frequency of 50Hz. If less
frequency from rated, the excitation of the core will be
more than rated excitation and vice versa.
For loss measurement watt meters are using to

measure the loss and now a days Power Analyzer is
using in place of watt meters. Two connection methods
are using in three phase transformer for loss
measurement.
Two watt meter method
Three wattmeter method
Generally three wattmeter method are using and more
accurate than using two watt meters.
Equipments required:
Source Transformer with suitable voltage regulating
system
Average type volt meter
R.m.s type Voltmeter
For loss measurement watt meters are using to
measure the loss and now a days Power Analyzer
is using in place of watt meters. Two connection
methods are using in three phase transformer for
loss measurement.
Three wattmeter method
Generally three wattmeter method are using
and is more accurate than using two watt meters.
Source Transformer with suitable voltage
regulating system
loss
CTs 3 nos (suitable to required rating of voltage
and current)
VTS - 2 Nos line to line (suitable to required rating
of voltage)
Frequency meter.
R.m.s type Voltmeter (V1,V2&V3)
3 Ammeters with suitable range (A1,A2 &A3 )
2 Watt meters with low power factor (W1& W2)
or
Power analyzer.
loss
Three watt meter method
Source Transformer with suitable voltage
regulating system
CTs 3 nos (suitable to required rating
of voltage and current)
VTS - 3 Nos Phase to Earth (suitable to
required rating of voltage)
Frequency meter.
R.m.s type Voltmeter
3 Ammeters with suitable range (A1,A2 &A3
)
3 Watt meters with low power factor
(W1, W2 &W3)
or
Power analyzer.
With the above test conditions, the voltage shall be raised
up to the saturation level and slowly reduced to the
minimum possible value and repeated two three times for
demagnetizing the core. After demagnetization, the
voltage shall be applied to the required levels and take all
readings in all levels.
Calculations
Total measured loss =Po= W1+W2
or W1+W2+W3
Corrected loss =Pm= Po X wave form correction factor X
frequency correction factor, if required.
Magnetizing Current (average)=Io= A1+A2+A3/3
Applied Voltage (average) =Vo = V1+V2+V3/3
or
Direct readings in the Power Analyzer.
Wattmeter constant and Multiplication Factor
Wattmeter constant : Voltage selection in WM x Current selection in WM x
power factor
(WK)
Full scale division
Multiplication Factor: Wattmeter constant x CT Ratio x VT Ratio

kW
(MF)
1000
I.e., measured power in kW = whatever readings in the
wattmeter x
Multiplication factor.
Magnetizing Current in Amps=Io= Measured average Current X
CT
ratio
Applied Voltage in kV =Vo= Measured average Voltage X VT ratio
Tolerance of losses
The no load loss is always in the core when a transformer is
energized at no load condition and hence no load loss of a
transformer is a permanent losses of the transformer. The
penalty of the excess no load loss than the specified limit is
more than that of load loss since load loss is varying
according to the load.
As per IEC
Losses has no positive tolerance and is specified the
maximum value. That means, the measured value should
not be more than the specified value.
Total losses has a positive tolerance of 10% is allowed
Component losses has a positive tolerance of 15% is
allowed provided that the tolerance for the total losses is
not exceeded.
Penalty of losses
Penalty for excess loss as per DEWA
specification
For no load loss: 36,000.0 Dhs/kW within 5% in
excess of guarantee values and 72,000.0 Dhs/kW
above 5% in excess of guarantee values.
For load loss: 7,200.0 Dhs/kW within 5% in excess

of guarantee values and 14,400.0 Dhs/kW above
5% in excess of guarantee values.

No Load Losses in The Transformer

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No Load Losses in The Transformer

Enviado por

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Formatos disponíveis

Measurement of Losses on

Speaker: Eng. Mahmoud Samir

No load Loss on the

No load Loss on the transformer

No load Loss on the

No load Loss on the

No load Loss on the

No load Loss on the

Silicon steel raises the permeability at low flux

No load Losson the

No load Loss on the transformer

No load Loss on the transformer

For loss measurement watt meters are using to

Full scale division

Multiplication Factor: Wattmeter constant x CT Ratio x VT Ratio

For load loss: 7,200.0 Dhs/kW within 5% in excess

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