Lecture No. 1-AUpdate

Bridge Engineering
Lecture 1 A
Planning of Bridges
Dr. Shahzad Rahman
Bridge Planning
Traffic Studies
Hydrotechnical Studies
Geotechnical Studies
Environmental Considerations
Alternatives for Bridge Type
Economic Feasibility
Bridge Selection and Detailed Design
Traffic Studies
r
Rive
New Road Link

Existing Network
New Bridge
City Center
Traffic Studies
Traffic studies need to be carried out to
ascertain the amount of traffic that will
utilize the New or Widened Bridge
This is needed to determine Economic
Feasibility of the Bridge
For this Services of a Transportation
Planner and or Traffic Engineer are
Required
Such Studies are done with help of Traffic
Software such as TransCAD, EMME2 etc.
Traffic Studies
Traffic Studies should provide following
information
Traffic on Bridge immediately after opening
Amount of traffic at various times during life of the
Bridge
Traffic Mix i.e. number of motorcars, buses, heavy
trucks and other vehicles
Effect of the new link on existing road network
Predominant Origin and Destination of traffic that will
use the Bridge
Strategic importance of the new/improved Bridge
A thorough understanding of the river and
river regime is crucial to planning of Bridge
over a river
Hydrotechnical Studies should include:
Topographic Survey 2km upstream and
2km downstream for small rivers including
Longitudinal section and X-sections
For big rivers 5kms U/S and 2kms D/S
should be surveyed
Navigational Requirements
Scale of the topographic map
1:2000 for small rivers
1:5000 for large rivers
The High Flood Levels and the

Observed Flood Level should be
indicated map
Sufficient Number of x-sections
should be taken and HFL and
OFL marked on them
River Bed surveying would require
soundings
Catchment Area Map
Scale recommended
1:50,000 or
1:25,000
Map can be made

using GT Sheets
available from Survey
of Pakistan
All Reservoirs, Rain
Gauges Stns., River
Gauge Stns., should
be marked on map
Catchment of River Indus
River Catchment Area
River Catchment Boundaries with Tributaries
River Catchment Boundaries with Sub-Basin Boundaries
Hydrological Data
Following Hydrological Data should be
collected:
Rainfall Data from Rain Gauge Stations in
the Catchment Area
Isohyetal Map of the Catchment Area
showing contours of Annual Rainfall
Hydrographs of Floods at River Gauge
Stations
Flow Velocities
Sediment Load in River Flow during floods
Hydrologic Data
Example of an ISOHYETAL MAP
Hydrologic Data
Example of River Hydrograph
Hydrologic Data
Example of a River Hydrograph
Design Flood Levels

AASHTO Gives Following Guidelines for Estimating
Design Flood Levels
Design Flood Levels

AASHTO Gives Following Guidelines for Estimating
Design Flood Levels
Design Flood Levels

CANADIAN MINISTRY OF TRANSPORTATION
Gives Following Guidelines for Estimating Design Flood Levels
Design Flood Levels

Gives Following Guidelines for Estimating Design Flood Levels
Design Flood Levels

FREEBOARD REQUIREMENTS

Gives Following Guidelines for Estimating Freeboard Requirements
Estimating Design Flood

Flood Peak Discharge at Stream or River Location
Depends upon:
Catchment Area Characteristics
Size and shape of catchment area
Nature of catchment soil and vegetation
Elevation differences in catchment and between catchment
and bridge site location
Rainfall Climatic Characteristics

Rainfall intensity duration and its spatial distribution
Stream/River Characteristics
Slope of the river
Baseline flow in the river
River Regulation Facilities/ Dams, Barrages on the river
Methods of Estimating Design Flood

1. Empirical Methods
2. Flood Frequency Analysis
3. Rational Method
Empirical Methods of Peak Flood Estimation

Empirical Formulae have been determined that
relate Catchment Area and other weather or
river parameters to Peak Flood Discharge
Popular Formulae for Indo-Pak are:
Dickens Formula
Q 825 A
Q = Discharge in Cusecs
A = Catchment Area in Sq. Miles
3/ 4
Inglis Formula
7000 A
Q
A4
Ryves Formula
Q C A2 / 3
C = 450 for areas within 15 miles off coast
560 between 15 100 miles off coast
Flood Frequency Analysis Method

Usable at gauged sites where river
discharge data is available for sufficient
time in past
Following Methods are commonly used
Normal Distribution Method
Log-Normal Distribution
Log-Plot Graphical Method
Flood Frequency Analysis Method

Based on Assumption that events follow the
shape of Standard Normal Distribution Curve
probability
QP QM K Tr Q
Q
QP = Discharge Associated with Probability of Occurrence P
QM = Mean Discharge over the data set
Q = Standard Deviation of the Discharge data set
KTr = Frequency factor corresponding to Probability of Occurrence P
Example of Peak Flood Estimation Flood

Actual
Year
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
Year
(No.)
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Sample Pts = n =
Mean Qm = M
Sum of Squares =
Variance =
Standard Deviation =
(Xi - Xavg)
Max Flood Xi - Xavg

Q
(cumecs) (cumecs)
20
15
35
45
23
14
12
17
25
15
21
15
( n
(cumecs2)
-3.1
-8.1
11.9
21.9
-0.1
-9.1
-11.1
-6.1
1.9
-8.1
-2.1
-8.1
24
23.125
1
(x
n 1
x )2
2
1 )
Coefficient of Variation = Cv = /M =
3
Skewness Coefficient = SC = 3 Cv + Cv =
Input Return Period (Years) = Tr =
Probability = p = 1/ Tr
Flood Estimate = Qt =
Ranked Flow
(Decending
Order)
9.8
66.0
141.0
478.5
0.0
83.3
123.8
37.5
3.5
66.0
4.5
66.0
18
17
17
16
16
15
15
15
14
14
13
12
2638.6
114.72
10.71
0.463
1.49
100
0.01
Input Value
Rank
R
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Probability Return Period

P = R/n
Tr = 1/P
(yrs)
0.54
0.58
0.63
0.67
0.71
0.75
0.79
0.83
0.88
0.92
0.96
1.00
1.85
1.71
1.60
1.50
1.41
1.33
1.26
1.20
1.14
1.09
1.04
1.00

Input Return Period (Years) = Tr =
Probability = p = 1/ Tr
ln
100
0.01
w=
Input Value
3.03485528
Tr
2 . 51557 0 . 802853 w 0 . 010328

1 1 .532788 w 0 .189269
KTr =
0 . 001308
2.32678649
Q Q
t
Ktr
48.05 Cumecs
Qt =
10
Log-Normal Distribution Method
probability
Yields better Results

Compared to Normal
Distribution Method
ln QP ln QM K Tr ln Q
Log Q or Ln Q
lnQP = Log of Discharge Associated with Probability of Occurrence P
lnQM = Mean of Log Discharge over the data set
lnQ = Standard Deviation of the Log of Discharge data set
KTr = Frequency factor corresponding to Probability of Occurrence P
QP = Antilog (ln QP) = Discharge Associated with Probability of Occurrence P

Log-Plot Method
Log Plot Discharge Vs Return Period
80
D ischarge (cumecs)
70
60
50
40
Observed Discharge
Log. (Observed Discharge)
30
20
y = 12.724Ln(x) + 11.733
10
0
1
10
100
Retun Period (Yrs)
Trendline Equation is
Qt = 12.724 Ln(Tr) + 11.213
For Return
Qt =
For Return
Qt =
Period Tr =
12.724 Ln (50) + 11.213 =
Period Tr =
12.724 Ln (100) + 11.213 =
50 yrs
61.0
cumecs
69.8
cumecs
100 yrs
Rational Method of Peak Flood Estimation

Attempts to give estimate of Design Discharge
taking into account:
The Catchment Characteristics
Rainfall Intensity
Discharge Characteristics of the Catchment
Q C IT A
Q = Design Discharge
IT = Average rainfall intensity (in/hr) for some recurrence interval, T
during that period of time equal to Tc.
Tc = Time of Concentration
A = Area of the catchment in Sq. miles
C = Runoff coefficient; fraction of runoff, expressed as a
dimensionless decimal fraction, that appears as surface runoff
from the contributing drainage area.
Rational Method of Peak Flood Estimation

Time of Concentration can be estimated using
Barnsby Williams Formula which is widely used
by US Highway Engineers
0.9 L
Tc 0.1 0.2
A S
L = Length of Stream in Miles
A = Area of the catchment in Sq. miles
S = Average grade from source to site in percent
Rational Formula Runoff Coefficient

Area Characteristic
Run-off Coefficient C
Steep Bare Rock
0.90
Steep Rock with Woods
0.80
Plateau with light cover
0.70
Densely built-up areas
0.90 0.70
Residential areas
0.70 0.50
Stiff Clayey soils
0.50
Loam
0.40 0.30
Suburbs with gardens
0.30
Sandy soils
0.1 0.20
Jungle area
0.10 0.25
Parks, Lawns, Fields
0.25 - 0.50
Geotechnical Studies should provide the
following Information:
The types of Rocks, Dips, Faults and
Fissures
Subsoil Ground Water Level, Quality,
Artesian Conditions if any
Location and extent of soft layers
Identification of hard bearing strata
Physical properties of soil layers
Example Geological Profile:

Cross section of the soil on the route of the Paris
The diagram above shows the crossing over the Seine via the Bir Hakeim bridge
and the limestone quarries under Trocadro
Example: Cross section of the Kansas River, west of Silver Lake, Kansas
Typical Borehole
Seismic Considerations
Source: Building Code of Pakistan
Tectonic Setting of the Bridge Site
Source: Geological Survey of Pakistan
Environmental Considerations
Impact on Following Features of Environment need to
considered:
River Ecology which includes:
Marine Life
Wildlife along river banks
Riverbed
Flora and fauna along river banks
Impact upon dwellings along the river if any
Impact upon urban environment if the bridge in an
urban area
Possible impact upon archeological sites in vicinity
Bridge Economic Feasibility

Economic Analysis is Required at
Feasibility Stage to justify expenditure of
public or private funds
A Bridge is the most expensive part of a
road transportation network
Types of Economic Analyses
Cost Benefit Ratio Analysis
Internal Rate of Return (IRR) Analysis
Construction
Stage
Project Start
Date
Benefits Stream
Project Life
Project Life
End Date
Salvage
Value
Costs Stream
Bridge Economic Analysis/

Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)
Time
Project Cost Benefit Analysis

The objective of LCCA is to
Estimate the costs associated with the Project during Construction
an its service life. These include routine maintenance costs +
Major Rehab Costs
Estimate the Benefits that will accrue from the Project including
time savings to road users, benefits to business activities etc.
Bring down the costs and benefits to a common reference pt. in
time i.e. just prior to start of project (decision making time)
Facilitate decision making about economic feasibility by
calculating quantifiable yardsticks such as Benefit to Cost Ratio
(BCR) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
Note: Salvage Value may be taken as a Benefit
This includes cost of the Right-of-Way and substructure
What is Life Cycle Cost?

An economic analysis procedure that uses
engineering inputs
Compares competing alternatives
considering all significant costs
Expresses results in equivalent dollars
(present worth)
Time Period of Analysis

Normally equal for all alternatives
Should include at least one major
rehabilitation
Needed to capture the true economic
benefit of each alternative
Bridge design today is based on a
probabilistic model of 100 years
Project Life
Project
Life End
Date
Time
Salvage
Value
Construction
Stage
Project
Start Date
Problem:
Benefits Stream
Costs Stream

Costs and Benefits Change over the life of the Project
Amount of Money/Benefit accrued some time in future is worth less in

terms of Todays money
Same is the case with the benefits accrued over time
The Problem now is as to How to find the Worth of a Financial Amount in
Future in terms of Todays Money
This is accomplished by using the instrument of DISCOUNT RATE

DISCOUNT RATE:
The annual effective discount rate is the annual interest divided by the capital
including that interest, which is the interest rate divided by 100% plus the
interest rate. It is the annual discount factor to be applied to the future cash
flow, to find the discount, subtracted from a future value to find the value
one year earlier.
For example, suppose there is an investment made of $95 and pays $100 in a
year's time. The discount rate according the given definition is:
100 95
Discount Rate d
5.0%
100
Interest Rate is calculated as $ 95 as Base
100 95
Interest Rate i
5.26%
95
Interest Rate and Discount Rate are Related as Follows
i
Discount Rate d
i i2
1i
Discount Rate
Thus Discount Rate is that rate which can be
used to obtain the Present Value of Money that
is spent or collected in future
Cost/ Benefit Projected
Cn
Co
Project
Start Date
Benefits
Stream
Costs
Stream
Backward
Year n
Time
Bo
Bn
Project
Life
Net Present value of Cost incurred = Co = (1 - d)n Cn

In Year n
Net Present value of Cost incurred = Bo = (1 - d)n Bn
In Year n
What Discount Rate to Use?

A first estimate of appropriate Discount rate
can be made as follows:
Estimate of
Discount Rate = Federal Bank Lending Rate Average Long-term Inflation Rate
Note: By subtracting the Inflation Rate in arriving at a Discount Rate the
effect of Inflation can be removed from consideration during
Economic Analysis
The Discount Rate after subtracting the Inflation Rate is also
Referred to as the Real Discount Rate
Govt. of Pakistan uses a Discount Rate of 6-7% for
economic analysis
Asian Development Bank uses a Discount rate of 12% for
evaluation of projects
Discount Rate is less than the Real interest Rate as Governments
do not take a purely commercial view of an infrastructure project
Cost Considerations
Costs
Present Worth
Initial Cost
Rehabilitation Cost
Salvag
e Costs
Maintenance and
Inspection
Cost
Years
Salvag
e Value
Cost Benefit Ratio

Formula for Cost
Benefit Ratio
L
Benefit To Cost Ratio = Present Value of Benefits
Present Value of Costs
(1 d )
0
L
(1 d )
0
Where L = Life Span of the Project in Years

d = Discount Rate
Bn = Benefit in year n
Cn = Cost incurred in year n
Bn
Cn
Net Present Worth/ Value

Net Present Worth/ Value = NPW or NPV
is defined as follows:
NPW = NPV = Present Value of Benefits Present Value of Costs
Note: If a Number of alternatives are being compared, the alternative
that has the highest Net Present Worth is the preferable one and
will also have the higher Benefit to Cost Ratio
What is Internal Rate of Return (IRR)

IRR may be defined as that Discount Rate
at which the Benefit to Cost Ratio (BCR)
of a Project becomes exactly 1.0
It is a better measure of economic viability
of a project compared to Benefit to Cost
Ratio
It is a good indicator of how much inflation
increase and interest rate hike a project
can tolerate and still be viable
Present Worth Factor
pwf (1 d )
pwf = Present Worth Factor for discount rate d and year n

d = Discount rate
n = Number of year when the cost/ benefit will occur
Alternate Formula (Usually Adopted)
1
pwf
n
1 d
Present Worth Analysis

Discounts all future costs and benefits to the
present:
t=L
PW = FC +
t=0
PW
FC
t
MC
IC
FRC
UC
S
pwf
pwf [MC+IC+FRC+UC] + pwf [S]
= Present Worth/ Value of the Project

= First (Initial) Cost
= Time Period of Analysis (ranges from 0 L)
= Maintenance Costs
= Inspection Costs
= Future Rehabilitation Costs
= Users Costs
= Salvage Values or Costs
= Present Worth Factor
Time Period of Analysis

Normally equal for all alternatives
Should include at least one major rehabilitation
Needed to capture the true economic benefit of each
alternative
Bridge design today is based on a probabilistic model of
100 years
Maintenance Costs
Annual cost associated with the upkeep of the
structure
Information is difficult to obtain for a given
project
Cost varies on the basis of size of the structure
(sqft)
Best Guess Values
Frequency - Annual
Concrete
0.05 % of Initial Cost
Structural Steel 0.05 % of Initial Cost
Inspection Costs
Should be taken for all alternatives preferably
every two years
(sqft) and by construction material
Best Guess Values
Frequency - Biannual
Concrete
Future Painting Costs

Only applies to structural steel structures but
excludes weathering steel
Should occur every 20 years
(sqft)
Best Guess Values
Frequency every 20 years
Concrete
Future Rehabilitation Costs

The frequency is not only a function of time but also the
growing traffic volume and the structural beam system
Cost varies on the basis of size of the structure (sqft) and
structural beam system
Best Guess Values
Frequency
First occurrence Concrete 40 years
First occurrence Structural Steel 35 years
Annual traffic growth rate .75 % (shortens rehab
cycles)
Concrete
Structural Steel
Salvage Value/Costs
Occurs once at end of life of structure
Difference between
Removal cost
Salvage value
Best Guess Values
Removal cost 10 % of Initial Cost
Salvage Value Concrete - 0 % of Initial Cost
Salvage Value Structural Steel - 2 % of Initial Cost
Benefits from a Bridge

Monetizable Benefits
Time savings to road users
Growth in economic activity
Saving of Vehicular wear and tear
Reduction of accidents if applicable
Other Non-Monetizable Benefits
Strategic Benefits
Example of Economic Analysis

Carry out an Economic Analysis of a Proposed Bridge given the following Data:
Estimated Average Annualized Daily Traffic is
With the Following Mix of Traffic
Cars
Trucks
Buses
Assume that the Traffic Growth Rate
is Geometric over the
Life Span of the Bridge
Bridge Life Span
The Construction Cost is
spread over 2 years
The Trade and economic benefits are
estimated to be
Annual Growth Rate of Trade Benefits
is Geometric at the rate of over the
Life Span of the Bridge
The Bridge would Result in Time Saving of
to Road Users
Average Time Value of Single Road User
12,000 Vehicles per Day
=
=
=
=
10,000
1,000
1,000
1.2 %
=
=
=
=
=
=
80 years
200.0 Million Rs.
10.0 Million Rs. per year
2.0 %
1 hour
50.0 Rs. Per Hour
Assume that the Bridge would require:

Annual Maintenance
Major Rehabilitation after every 30 years
Salvage Value of Piers and Abutments
Salvage Cost is assumed to be
Average Occupancy Of a Single Car
Average Occupancy Of a Single Truck
Average Occupancy Of a Single Bus
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Calculate the Present Worth, Net Present Worth,

Benefit to Cost Ratio of the Bridge at Discount Rate
Calculate the Internal Rate of Return of the Bridge
0.03
20.0
25
0.0
3.0
2.0
50
% of Construction Cost
%
Passengers
Passengers
Passengers
6.0 %
Benefits in Time Saving Upon Bridge Opening
Vehicle
Type
Time Saving Time Value

Occupancy
(Persons)
(hrs)
(Rs.per Hour)
Cars
10,000
3.0
1.0
50.0
Buses
1,000
50.0
1.0
50.0
Trucks
1,000
2.0
1.0
50.0
Total Benefit Per Year
=
Assumed to then Grow at Geometrically at
the Rate of 1.2% per year
Number
Benefit
(Rs.)
1,500,000
2,500,000
100,000
4,100,000
Actual Year Year No.

2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Construction/
Present Worth Maintenance
Factor (PWF) Cost
Rehab Cost
(1-d)^n
(Rs.)
(Rs.)
1.0000
100,000,000
0.9400
100,000,000
0.8836
60,000
0.8306
60,000
0.7807
60,000
0.7339
60,000
0.6899
60,000
0.6485
60,000
0.6096
60,000
0.5730
60,000
0.5386
60,000
0.5063
60,000
0.4759
60,000
0.4474
60,000
0.4205
60,000
0.3953
60,000
0.3716
60,000
Benefit:
Benefit:
Time
Trade/
Salvage
Total Costs Saving
Economic
Benefit
(Rs.)
(Rs.)
(Rs.)
(Rs.)
100,000,000
100,000,000
60,000 4,100,000
10,000,000
60,000 4,149,200
10,200,000
60,000 4,198,400
10,400,000
60,000 4,247,600
10,600,000
60,000 4,296,800
10,800,000
60,000 4,346,000
11,000,000
60,000 4,395,200
11,200,000
60,000 4,444,400
11,400,000
60,000 4,493,600
11,600,000
60,000 4,542,800
11,800,000
60,000 4,592,000
12,000,000
60,000 4,641,200
12,200,000
60,000 4,690,400
12,400,000
60,000 4,739,600
12,600,000
60,000 4,788,800
12,800,000
Total
Benefits
(Rs.)
14,100,000
14,349,200
14,598,400
14,847,600
15,096,800
15,346,000
15,595,200
15,844,400
16,093,600
16,342,800
16,592,000
16,841,200
17,090,400
17,339,600
17,588,800
Total
Total
Discounted Discounted
Costs
Benefits
Net Benefit
(Rs.)
(Rs.)
(Rs.)
100,000,000
(100,000,000)
94,000,000
(100,000,000)
53,016
12,458,760
14,040,000
49,835
11,918,216
14,289,200
46,845
11,397,686
14,538,400
44,034
10,896,713
14,787,600
41,392
10,414,826
15,036,800
38,909
9,951,537
15,286,000
36,574
9,506,350
15,535,200
34,380
9,078,759
15,784,400
32,317
8,668,256
16,033,600
30,378
8,274,330
16,282,800
28,555
7,896,470
16,532,000
26,842
7,534,165
16,781,200
25,231
7,186,910
17,030,400
23,718
6,854,202
17,279,600
22,294
6,535,546
17,528,800

2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Construction/
Benefit:
Benefit:
Time
Trade/
Salvage
Factor (PWF) Cost
Rehab Cost Total Costs Saving
Economic
Benefit
(1-d)^n
(Rs.)
(Rs.)
(Rs.)
(Rs.)
(Rs.)
(Rs.)
0.3493
60,000
60,000 4,838,000
13,000,000
0.3283
60,000
60,000 4,887,200
13,200,000
0.3086
60,000
60,000 4,936,400
13,400,000
0.2901
60,000
60,000 4,985,600
13,600,000
0.2727
60,000
60,000 5,034,800
13,800,000
0.2563
60,000
60,000 5,084,000
14,000,000
0.2410
60,000
60,000 5,133,200
14,200,000
0.2265
60,000
60,000 5,182,400
14,400,000
0.2129
60,000
60,000 5,231,600
14,600,000
0.2001
60,000
60,000 5,280,800
14,800,000
0.1881
60,000
60,000 5,330,000
15,000,000
0.1768
60,000
60,000 5,379,200
15,200,000
0.1662
60,000
60,000 5,428,400
15,400,000
0.1563
60,000
40,000,000
40,060,000 5,477,600
15,600,000
0.1469
60,000
60,000 5,526,800
15,800,000
0.1381
60,000
60,000 5,576,000
16,000,000
0.1298
60,000
60,000 5,625,200
16,200,000
0.1220
60,000
60,000 5,674,400
16,400,000
0.1147
60,000
60,000 5,723,600
16,600,000
0.1078
60,000
60,000 5,772,800
16,800,000
0.1013
60,000
60,000 5,822,000
17,000,000
0.0952
60,000
60,000 5,871,200
17,200,000
0.0895
60,000
60,000 5,920,400
17,400,000
0.0842
60,000
60,000 5,969,600
17,600,000
0.0791
60,000
60,000 6,018,800
17,800,000
0.0744
60,000
60,000 6,068,000
18,000,000
0.0699
60,000
60,000 6,117,200
18,200,000
0.0657
60,000
60,000 6,166,400
18,400,000
0.0618
60,000
60,000 6,215,600
18,600,000
0.0581
60,000
60,000 6,264,800
18,800,000
0.0546
60,000
60,000 6,314,000
19,000,000
0.0513
60,000
60,000 6,363,200
19,200,000
0.0482
60,000
60,000 6,412,400
19,400,000
0.0453
60,000
60,000 6,461,600
19,600,000
Total
Total
Total
Benefits
Costs
Benefits
Net Benefit
(Rs.)
(Rs.)
(Rs.)
(Rs.)
17,838,000
20,957
6,230,454
17,778,000
18,087,200
19,699
5,938,445
18,027,200
18,336,400
18,517
5,659,047
18,276,400
18,585,600
17,406
5,391,799
18,525,600
18,834,800
16,362
5,136,247
18,774,800
19,084,000
15,380
4,891,952
19,024,000
19,333,200
14,457
4,658,482
19,273,200
19,582,400
13,590
4,435,416
19,522,400
19,831,600
12,775
4,222,349
19,771,600
20,080,800
12,008
4,018,882
20,020,800
20,330,000
11,288
3,824,630
20,270,000
20,579,200
10,610
3,639,221
20,519,200
20,828,400
9,974
3,462,292
20,768,400
21,077,600
6,259,600
3,293,493
(18,982,400)
21,326,800
8,813
3,132,486
21,266,800
21,576,000
8,284
2,978,943
21,516,000
21,825,200
7,787
2,832,549
21,765,200
22,074,400
7,320
2,692,997
22,014,400
22,323,600
6,881
2,559,995
22,263,600
22,572,800
6,468
2,433,258
22,512,800
22,822,000
6,080
2,312,514
22,762,000
23,071,200
5,715
2,197,499
23,011,200
23,320,400
5,372
2,087,961
23,260,400
23,569,600
5,050
1,983,656
23,509,600
23,818,800
4,747
1,884,351
23,758,800
24,068,000
4,462
1,789,822
24,008,000
24,317,200
4,194
1,699,853
24,257,200
24,566,400
3,943
1,614,236
24,506,400
24,815,600
3,706
1,532,774
24,755,600
25,064,800
3,484
1,455,276
25,004,800
25,314,000
3,275
1,381,560
25,254,000
25,563,200
3,078
1,311,451
25,503,200
25,812,400
2,893
1,244,782
25,752,400
26,061,600
2,720
1,181,391
26,001,600

2061
2062
2063
2064
2065
2066
2067
2068
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
2079
2080
2081
2082
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089
2090
2091
Total
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
Construction/
Benefit:
Benefit:
Total
Total
Time
Trade/
Salvage
Total
Factor (PWF) Cost
Rehab Cost Total Costs Saving
Economic
Benefit
Benefits
Costs
Benefits
Net Benefit
(1-d)^n
(Rs.)
(Rs.)
(Rs.)
(Rs.)
(Rs.)
(Rs.)
(Rs.)
(Rs.)
(Rs.)
(Rs.)
0.0426
60,000
60,000 6,510,800
19,800,000
26,310,800
2,557
1,121,126
26,250,800
0.0401
60,000
60,000 6,560,000
20,000,000
26,560,000
2,403
1,063,840
26,500,000
0.0377
60,000
60,000 6,609,200
20,200,000
26,809,200
2,259
1,009,393
26,749,200
0.0354
60,000
60,000 6,658,400
20,400,000
27,058,400
2,124
957,649
26,998,400
0.0333
60,000
60,000 6,707,600
20,600,000
27,307,600
1,996
908,480
27,247,600
0.0313
60,000
60,000 6,756,800
20,800,000
27,556,800
1,876
861,764
27,496,800
0.0294
60,000
60,000 6,806,000
21,000,000
27,806,000
1,764
817,384
27,746,000
0.0276
60,000
60,000 6,855,200
21,200,000
28,055,200
1,658
775,227
27,995,200
0.0260
60,000
60,000 6,904,400
21,400,000
28,304,400
1,558
735,186
28,244,400
0.0244
60,000
40,000,000
40,060,000 6,953,600
21,600,000
28,553,600
978,098
697,159
(11,506,400)
0.0230
60,000
60,000 7,002,800
21,800,000
28,802,800
1,377
661,049
28,742,800
0.0216
60,000
60,000 7,052,000
22,000,000
29,052,000
1,294
626,762
28,992,000
0.0203
60,000
60,000 7,101,200
22,200,000
29,301,200
1,217
594,210
29,241,200
0.0191
60,000
60,000 7,150,400
22,400,000
29,550,400
1,144
563,308
29,490,400
0.0179
60,000
60,000 7,199,600
22,600,000
29,799,600
1,075
533,975
29,739,600
0.0168
60,000
60,000 7,248,800
22,800,000
30,048,800
1,011
506,134
29,988,800
0.0158
60,000
60,000 7,298,000
23,000,000
30,298,000
950
479,712
30,238,000
0.0149
60,000
60,000 7,347,200
23,200,000
30,547,200
893
454,638
30,487,200
0.0140
60,000
60,000 7,396,400
23,400,000
30,796,400
839
430,846
30,736,400
0.0132
60,000
60,000 7,445,600
23,600,000
31,045,600
789
408,272
30,985,600
0.0124
60,000
60,000 7,494,800
23,800,000
31,294,800
742
386,856
31,234,800
0.0116
60,000
60,000 7,544,000
24,000,000
31,544,000
697
366,541
31,484,000
0.0109
60,000
60,000 7,593,200
24,200,000
31,793,200
655
347,270
31,733,200
0.0103
60,000
60,000 7,642,400
24,400,000
32,042,400
616
328,993
31,982,400
0.0097
60,000
60,000 7,691,600
24,600,000
32,291,600
579
311,658
32,231,600
0.0091
60,000
60,000 7,740,800
24,800,000
32,540,800
544
295,220
32,480,800
0.0085
60,000
60,000 7,790,000
25,000,000
32,790,000
512
279,632
32,730,000
0.0080
60,000
60,000 7,839,200
25,200,000
33,039,200
481
264,851
32,979,200
0.0075
60,000
60,000 7,888,400
25,400,000
33,288,400
452
250,838
33,228,400
0.0071
60,000
60,000 7,937,600
25,600,000
33,537,600
425
237,553
33,477,600
50,000,000
0.0067
60,000
60,000 7,986,800
25,800,000
83,786,800
399
557,868
83,726,800
202,104,198
261,516,182
Total Discounted Costs

Total Discounted Benefits
Present Worth
Net Present Worth
=
=
=
=
Benefit to Cost Ratio
Internal Rate of Return (IRR) =
202,104,198
261,516,182
202,104,198
59,411,984
1.294
8.028%
Rs.
Rs.
Rs.
Rs.

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Bridge Engineering

New Road Link

The High Flood Levels and the

Map can be made

Catchment of River Indus

River Catchment Area

River Catchment Boundaries with Tributaries

River Catchment Boundaries with Sub-Basin Boundaries

Example of an ISOHYETAL MAP

Example of River Hydrograph

Example of a River Hydrograph

Design Flood Levels

Design Flood Levels

Design Flood Levels

Design Flood Levels

CANADIAN MINISTRY OF TRANSPORTATION

Design Flood Levels

CANADIAN MINISTRY OF TRANSPORTATION

Estimating Design Flood

Rainfall Climatic Characteristics

Methods of Estimating Design Flood

Empirical Methods of Peak Flood Estimation

Flood Frequency Analysis Method

Flood Frequency Analysis Method

Normal Distribution Method

Example of Peak Flood Estimation Flood

Example of Peak Flood Estimation Flood

Max Flood Xi - Xavg

Probability Return Period

Example of Peak Flood Estimation Flood

2 . 51557 0 . 802853 w 0 . 010328

Log-Normal Distribution Method

Yields better Results

Example of Peak Flood Estimation Flood

Retun Period (Yrs)

Rational Method of Peak Flood Estimation

Rational Method of Peak Flood Estimation

Rational Formula Runoff Coefficient

Steep Bare Rock

Steep Rock with Woods

Plateau with light cover

Densely built-up areas

Stiff Clayey soils

Suburbs with gardens

Parks, Lawns, Fields

Example Geological Profile:

Source: Building Code of Pakistan

Tectonic Setting of the Bridge Site

Source: Geological Survey of Pakistan

Bridge Economic Feasibility

Bridge Economic Analysis/

Project Cost Benefit Analysis

What is Life Cycle Cost?

Time Period of Analysis

Bridge Economic Analysis/

Costs and Benefits Change over the life of the Project

Amount of Money/Benefit accrued some time in future is worth less in

Bridge Economic Analysis/

Interest Rate is calculated as $ 95 as Base

Net Present value of Cost incurred = Co = (1 - d)n Cn

What Discount Rate to Use?

Cost Benefit Ratio

Benefit To Cost Ratio = Present Value of Benefits

Present Value of Costs