A

Presentation
On

Brain-Computer
Interfacing
Prepared by
Mr.Rushi
Prajapati

2/21/16

BCI

Scope of presentation
Basic Idea
Generic BCI system
Types of BCI system
EEG technique
Applications
Advantages
Disadvantages
BCI Innovators
Future developments
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MAN AND THE WORLD

Man interacts with the world using his
five senses and limb movements

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THOUGHTS faster than

ACTIONS

Actions are mechanical

movements while
thoughts are electrical
impulses.

Thoughts are faster than

actions

So direct interaction with

the world through
thoughts would be
faster.
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Brain Computer Interface

Brain-computer

interface (BCI) is a fast-growing

emergent technology in which researchers aim to
build a direct channel between the human brain
and the computer.
BCI- The
Ultimate in
Human
Computer
Interfacing

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Components of BCI
Generation of
signals from brain
Preprocessing,
Feature extraction,
Classification,
Device control.

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Generic BCI System

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signal extraction techniques

Different neuroimaging methods are used to derive
meaningful interpretations from the brain signals which
are captured by microelectrodes:

EEG - Electro encephalography

ECoG - Electro cortico graphy
MEG - Magneto encephalo graphy
BOLD - Blood-Oxygen-Level-Dependent (signal)
MRI - Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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Types of BCI
Invasiveinside grey matter of brain
Partially Invasiveinside the skull but
outside the grey matter
Non Invasiveoutside the skull, on the
scalp

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Invasive BCI S
Electrode inserted
directly into grey
matter
Highest quality signal
can obtain
But are prone to scartissue build-up

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Sensors Used in BCIMicroelectrodes

Silicon Microelectrode
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Microelectrodes
Microelectrodes are
used to capture
electrical/magnetic
signals of the brain.
Types:
Wire-type
Silicon-based
Ceramic-based
Polyimide-based.
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Diagram of silicon-based
ACREO microelectrode
arrays
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Microwires emerging from the green and orange tubes connect to two
arrays of 16 microelectrodes embedded in a small mat of clear,
rubbery silicone - the larger, numbered electrodes are part of the
patients original surgery (Photo: University of Utah Department of
Neurosurgery)
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Partially Invasive BCIs

Implanted inside the skull but rest outside the grey

matter of the brain

Produce better resolution signals than non-invasive

BCIs where the bone tissue of the cranium deflects
and deforms signals

Carry lower risk of forming scar-tissue in the brain

than fully-invasive BCIs.

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Non-Invasive BCIs

low signal quality due

to electrodes are not
directly interact with
neurons

It is safest as no
surgery required.

EEG is widely used for

this technique
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EEG Technique for BCI

Electrodes attached to the

scalp

Electric signals of the brain

are amplified.

Transmitted to the computer

Software converts them into

technical control signals
( computer commands)

These computer commands

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controls the computer.

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EEG WAVES
There are 5 major types of EEG waves
1. Delta Waves
2. Theta Waves
3. Alpha Waves
4. Beta Waves
5. Gamma Waves
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Continuous Brain Waves

Generally grouped by frequency: (amplitudes are about 100V max)

Type

Frequency

Location

Use

Delta

<4 Hz

everywhere

occur during sleep, coma

Theta

4-7 Hz

temporal and parietal

correlated with emotional stress

(frustration & disappointment)

Alpha

8-12 Hz

occipital and parietal

reduce amplitude with sensory

stimulation or mental imagery

Beta

12-36 Hz

parietal and frontal

can increase amplitude during

intense mental activity

Mu

9-11 Hz

frontal (motor
cortex)

diminishes with movement or

intention of movement

Lambda

sharp,
jagged

occipital

correlated with visual attention

Vertex

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higher incidence in patients with

epilepsy or encephalopathy
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Electrode Placement
Standard 10-20 System
Spaced apart 10-20%
Letter for region
F - Frontal Lobe
T - Temporal Lobe
C - Center
O - Occipital Lobe
Number for exact position
Odd numbers - left
Even numbers - right

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Electrode Placement
A

more detailed view:

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Area of implementation

Medical science
Enabling disabled people
o Vision and hearing
o

Paralysis treatment

Prosthetic devices (legs, hands etc)

Provide a means of communication to completely

paralyzed patients
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General application
Control a robot
Playing games
For physically weak persons to handle the computer
Cursor control
Allow those with poor muscle control to
o communicate and control physical devices
o

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Example of BCI
application

A phsically
handicapped
man operates
a BCI
wheelchair
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More examples

A single handed man

interfaced with BCI
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Japanese student
walking in the virtual
world with the
character controlled
by his brain waves.

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ADVANTAGES
BCIs will help creating a Direct communication
between a human or animal brain and computers.
Also it provides better living, more features, more
advancement in technologies etc.
High Precision (can be used reliably)
Low bandwidth

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Difficulty in Implementation of
BCI:
COST require for BCI is very high.
It is RISKy, because it operates with brain.
Effective BCI technique requires invasive method.
Requires magnetically shielded room and special
kind of helmet.
It is SLOW
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BCI INNOVATORS
Pioneers
Nasa
Cyberkinetics
Japanese
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neurotechnology system,

reaserch team
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Future developments
Better

signal detection

Shortening

training time

Improving

learning (neurobiological and

psychological basis)

New

recording methods (NIRS, ECoG)

Broader

range of applications (interface to

commercially available assistive devices;
treatment of diseases)
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Conclusion

BCI is highly promising.

Provide high standard of

living.

Extend our limits.

Impart a new level to the

popular quoteI think therefore I am!
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ANY??
?

Thank u
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