SEMINAR PRESENTATION

Alok Kumar Maurya

Meenal Kesarwani
Amal Shukla
Shiba Seth
Aparna Soni

HVAC
HVAC stands for heating,

ventilation and air conditioning

and refers to the equipment,
distribution network and terminals
used either collectively or
individually to provide fresh
filtered air, heating, cooling and
humidity control in a building.
2

Outdoor air

Mixed air
Return air

prefilter

H
V
A
C

Filter

Centrifugal plant

Air register louvered

ductwork

Drain pan
coils

DEFINITION
AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS ARE USED TO KEEP HOUSEHOLD AIR FROM BECOMING
UNCOMFORTABLY HOT, HUMID, OR STALE.
AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS ARE FAIRLY COMPLEX, SO THEY ARE USUALLY
INSTALLED AS A HOUSE IS BEING BUILT.
THIS SYSTEM INVOLVES THREE SEPARATE CYCLES:
-THE AIR CYCLING THROUGH THE DUCTS INSIDE THE HOUSE
-THE FLOW OF AIR THROUGH THE UNIT OUTSIDE THE HOUSE
-THE CIRCULATION OF THE REFRIGERANT BETWEEN THE INSIDE
OUTSIDE UNITS.

AND

THEORETICALLY, AN AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM CONSISTS OF CENTRALIZED

EQUIPMENT THAT PROVIDES AN ATMOSPHERE WITH CONTROLLED TEMPERATURE,
HUMIDITY, AND PURITY AT ALL TIMES, REGARDLESS OF WEATHER CONDITIONS.
IN POPULAR USAGE, HOWEVER, THE TERM AIR CONDITIONING OFTEN IS APPLIED
IMPROPERLY TO AIR COOLING. MANY SO-CALLED AIR-CONDITIONING UNITS CONSIST
MERELY OF BLOWER-EQUIPPED REFRIGERATING UNITS THAT PROVIDE ONLY A FLOW
OF COOL, FILTERED AIR.

There are three basic types of air conditioners:

Direct expansion coolers include window air
conditioners, heat pumps and packaged or rooftop
units. Air is cooled and dehumidified as it moves
past a cold, refrigerant-filled coil.
Chilled water systems use water cooled by a
refrigeration machine instead of air. This cool water
supplies a coil, which cools and dehumidifies the air.
Evaporative (or swamp) coolers are usually only
appropriate in hot, dry climates and bring hot air in
contact with a water spray or damp surface. The
result is evaporation of moisture, which lowers the
temperature of the air.
6

THE PRINCIPLE

REFRIGERATION CYCLE

AN AIR CONDITIONER IS BASICALLY A

REFRIGERATOR WITHOUT THE INSULATED BOX. IT
USES THE EVAPORATION OF A REFRIGERANT,
LIKE FREON, TO PROVIDE COOLING.

THE MECHANICS OF THE FREON EVAPORATION

CYCLE ARE THE SAME IN A REFRIGERATOR AS IN
AN AIR CONDITIONER.

THE COMPRESSOR COMPRESSES COOL FREON

GAS, CAUSING IT TO BECOME HOT, HIGHPRESSURE FREON GAS.

THIS HOT GAS RUNS THROUGH A SET OF COILS

SO IT CAN DISSIPATE ITS HEAT, AND IT
CONDENSES INTO A LIQUID.

THE FREON LIQUID RUNS THROUGH AN

EXPANSION VALVE, AND IN THE PROCESS IT
EVAPORATES TO BECOME COLD, LOW-PRESSURE
FREON GAS.

THIS COLD GAS RUNS THROUGH A SET OF COILS

THAT ALLOW THE GAS TO ABSORB HEAT AND
COOL DOWN THE AIR INSIDE THE BUILDING

COLD FREON GAS

HOT FREON GAS

AIR CYCLE

AIR PASSES THROUGH A FILTER TO REMOVE DUST PARTICLES.

THEN IT ENTERS A BLOWER, WHICH SENDS THE AIR INTO THE EVAPORATOR.
THE HOT AIR VAPORIZES THE REFRIGERANT, WHICH COOLS THE AIR AND
TRANSPORTS THE HEAT OUT OF THE HOUSE.
CLEAN, COOL AIR THEN PASSES THROUGH THE DUCT SYSTEM AND
THROUGHOUT THE HOUSE, LATER RETURNING TO BE COOLED AGAIN.
THE REFRIGERANT IS CONDENSED, COOLED BY OUTSIDE AIR, COMPRESSED,
AND THEN SENT BACK TO THE EVAPORATOR

WORKING OF A.C.
IN THE CIRCUIT OF MECHANISMS THROUGH WHICH THE REFRIGERANT FREON 12 FLOWS,
THERE ARE FIVE MAIN ELEMENTS. STARTING FROM THE POINT WHERE WE WISH TO
REMOVE HEAT:
1) EVAPORATOR
2) COMPRESSOR
3) CONDENSER
4) LIQUID RECEIVER
5) EXPANSION VALVE.
IN ADDITION, VARIOUS CONTROL AND SAFETY DEVICES ARE CONNECTED INTO THE
CIRCUIT.

EVAPORATOR
THE EVAPORATOR IS SIMPLY A BANK, OR COIL, OF COPPER TUBING. IT IS FILLED WITH
REFRIGERANT AT LOW PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE.
HEAT FLOWING FROM THE AIR SPACES OR ARTICLES TO BE COOLED INTO THE COIL
CAUSES THE LIQUID TO BOIL.
BOILING CAN TAKE PLACE ONLY AT THE ENTRANCE OF LATENT HEAT OF VAPORIZATION,
AND THIS LATENT HEAT CAN COME ONLY FROM THE SURROUNDING SUBSTANCES.
HENCE THE TEMPERATURES OF THE SURROUNDING SUBSTANCES ARE LOWERED.
THE LATTER PORTION OF THE EVAPORATOR COIL IS THEREFORE FILLED WITH FREON 12
VAPOR AT LOW-PRESSURE, CARRYING WITH IT THE UNWANTED HEAT.

WORKING OF A.C.
COMPRESSOR
THIS VAPOR DOES NOT REMAIN IN THE
EVAPORATOR. THE COMPRESSOR IS
OPERATING AND THE SUCTION WHICH IT
EXERTS (ON THE EVAPORATOR SIDE OF ITS
CIRCUIT) PULLS THE HEAT-LADEN VAPOR
OUT OF THE EVAPORATOR, THROUGH THE
PIPING, AND INTO THE COMPRESSOR.
THE COMPRESSOR, THEREFORE, IS THE
MECHANISM THAT KEEPS THE FREON 12 IN
CIRCULATION THROUGH THE SYSTEM.
IN THE COMPRESSOR CYLINDERS, THE
FREON 12 IS COMPRESSED FROM A LOWPRESSURE VAPOR TO A HIGH-PRESSURE
VAPOR, AND ITS TEMPERATURE THEREFORE
RISES.

10

WORKING OF A.C.
CONDENSOR
THE FREON VAPOR, NOW AT HIGH PRESSURE,
PASSES INTO THE CONDENSER, WHERE THE
VAPOUR PASSES AROUND THE TUBES
THROUGH WHICH WATER IS CONTINUOUSLY
PUMPED.
HERE THE EXCESS HEAT FLOWS BY
CONDUCTION THROUGH THE WALLS OF THE
TUBING FROM THE HIGHER TEMPERATURE
VAPOUR TO THE RELATIVELY LOWER
TEMPERATURE WATER, AND HERE THE
UNWANTED HEAT LEAVES THE PRIMARY
REFRIGERATING SYSTEM AND IS FINALLY
CARRIED AWAY.
THE EXCESS HEAT THUS FLOWING OUT OF THE
VAPOUR IS BOTH SUPERHEAT AND LATENT
HEAT OF VAPORIZATION, AND THEREFORE THE
VAPOUR CONDENSES BACK TO THE LIQUID
STATE.
THE LIQUID FREON 12 IS NOW AT HIGH
PRESSURE AND HIGH TEMPERATURE.

RECIEVER
THE LIQUID FREON 12
GOES NOW INTO THE
RECEIVER, OR TANK.
THE LIQUID IN THIS
RECEIVER ACTS AS A
SEAL
BETWEEN
THE
VAPOR
IN
THE
CONDENSER AND THE
LIQUID AS IT FLOWS
INTO
THE
NEXT
ELEMENT,
THE
EXPANSION VALVE, SO
THAT THE LIQUID FREON
12 IN THE EXPANSION
VALVE MAY BE FREE OF
VAPOR.

11

WORKING OF A.C.
EXPANSION VALVE

THE LIQUID FREON 12 ENTERS THE

EXPANSION VALVE AT HIGH-PRESSURE AND
HIGH TEMPERATURE.

THIS VALVE REGULATES THE FLOW OF THE

REFRIGERANT INTO THE EVAPORATOR.

THE LIQUID OUTLET FROM THIS EXPANSION

VALVE IS A SMALL OPENING CALLED THE
ORIFICE.

IN PASSING THROUGH THE ORIFICE, THE

LIQUID IS SUBJECTED TO A THROTTLING
ACTION, AND IS DISPERSED INTO A FINELY
DIVIDED FORM. THE FREON 12 IS NOW
AGAIN A LIQUID AT LOW PRESSURE AND
LOW TEMPERATURE, AND IS AGAIN
ENTERING THE EVAPORATOR, ITS CYCLE
COMPLETED, AND REPEATED.

EVERY PART OF THE CYCLE IS TAKING PLACE

SIMULTANEOUSLY AND CONTINUOUSLY
THROUGHOUT THE CIRCUIT AS LONG AS
REFRIGERATION IS WANTED.
12

WINDOW AC UNIT
A WINDOW AIR CONDITIONER UNIT IMPLEMENTS A COMPLETE AIR CONDITIONER
IN A SMALL SPACE.
THE UNITS ARE MADE SMALL ENOUGH TO FIT INTO A STANDARD WINDOW
FRAME.
IT COMPRISES OF :
A COMPRESSOR
AN EXPANSION VALVE
A HOT COIL (ON THE OUTSIDE)
A CHILLED COIL (ON THE INSIDE)
TWO FANS
A CONTROL UNIT
THE FANS BLOW AIR OVER THE COILS TO IMPROVE THEIR
ABILITY TO DISSIPATE HEAT (TO THE OUTSIDE AIR) AND
COLD (TO THE ROOM BEING COOLED).

13

SPLIT AC
SPLIT SYSTEM - A CENTRAL AIR
CONDITIONER CONSISTING OF TWO OR
MORE MAJOR COMPONENTS. THE SYSTEM
USUALLY CONSISTS OF A COMPRESSOR CONTAINING UNIT AND CONDENSER,
INSTALLED OUTSIDE THE BUILDING AND A
NON COMPRESSOR - CONTAINING AIR
HANDLING UNIT INSTALLED WITHIN THE
BUILDING. THIS IS THE MOST COMMON
TYPE OF SYSTEM INSTALLED IN A HOME.
THE COLD SIDE, CONSISTING OF THE
EXPANSION VALVE AND THE COLD COIL, IS
GENERALLY PLACED INTO A FURNACE OR
SOME OTHER AIR HANDLER.
THE AIR HANDLER BLOWS AIR THROUGH
THE COIL AND ROUTES THE AIR
THROUGHOUT THE BUILDING USING A
SERIES OF DUCTS.
THE HOT SIDE, KNOWN AS THE
CONDENSING UNIT, LIVES OUTSIDE THE
BUILDING. IN MOST HOME INSTALLATIONS.

14

CENTRALISED A.C
CENTRALIZED AIR-CONDITIONING
SYSTEMS, PROVIDING FULLY
CONTROLLED HEATING, COOLING,
AND VENTILATION
THESE ARE EMPLOYED WIDELY IN
THEATERS, STORES,
RESTAURANTS, AND OTHER
PUBLIC BUILDINGS. SUCH
SYSTEMS, BEING COMPLEX,
GENERALLY MUST BE INSTALLED
WHEN THE BUILDING IS
CONSTRUCTED.
SUCH INSTALLATIONS ARE USED
FOR COOLING AND
DEHUMIDIFYING DURING THE
SUMMER MONTHS, AND THE
REGULAR HEATING SYSTEM IS
USED DURING THE WINTER.
15

COOLING TOWER
A COOLING TOWER BLOWS AIR THROUGH A
STREAM OF WATER SO THAT SOME OF THE
WATER EVAPORATES.
GENERALLY, THE WATER TRICKLES THROUGH
A THICK SHEET OF OPEN PLASTIC MESH.

AIR BLOWS THROUGH THE

MESH AT RIGHT ANGLES
TO THE WATER FLOW.
THE EVAPORATION COOLS THE STREAM OF
WATER.
BECAUSE SOME OF THE WATER IS LOST TO
EVAPORATION, THE COOLING TOWER
CONSTANTLY ADDS WATER TO THE SYSTEM
TO MAKE UP THE DIFFERENCE

16

HEAT LOAD
DIFFERENT HEAT SOURCES
IT IS IMPORTANT FOR THE AIR CONDITIONER DESIGNERS TO KNOW ABOUT THE HEAT
SOURCES AND THEIR NATURE BEFORE TAKING THE JOB OF DESIGN OF AIR
CONDITIONING SYSTEMS THE DETAILS OF HEAT SOURCES WILL BE USED FOR
COMFORT AIR CONDITIONING, INDUSTRIAL AIR CONDITIONING, PRODUCT STORAGE
SYSTEMS AS WELL AS PRODUCT FREEZING SYSTEMS.
THE AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS USED HAVE TO CARRY OUT TWO TYPES OF LOADS
KNOWN AS:
SENSIBLE HEAT LOAD
LATENT HEAT LOAD
THE SOURCES WHICH CONTRIBUTE TO THE SENSIBLE HEAT ARE:
- HEAT FLOW THROUGH THE EXTERIOR WALLS, CEILINGS, FLOORS, WINDOWS
AND DOORS DUE TO THE TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THEIR TWO SIDES.
- LOAD DUE TO SOLAR RADIATION (SOLAR LOAD) IS DIVIDED INTO TWO FORMS:
- HEAT TRANSMITTED DIRECTLY BY RADIATIONS THROUGH GLASS
OF WINDOWS AND VENTILATORS.
- HEAT FROM SUN WILL BE ABSORBED BY THE WALLS AND ROOFS
AND LATER ON TRANSFERRED TO THE ROOM BY CONDUCTION.

17

HEAT LOAD
HEAT RECEIVED FROM THE OCCUPANTS.
HEAT RECEIVED FROM DIFFERENT EQUIPMENTS WHICH ARE COMMONLY USED IN THE
AIR CONDITIONED BUILDING.
HEAT RECEIVED FROM THE AIR INFILTRATED INSIDE FROM OUTSIDE THROUGH
CRACKS IN DOORS, WINDOWS AND VENTILATORS AND THROUGH THEIR FREQUENT
OPENINGS.
MISCELLANEOUS HEAT SOURCES WHICH INCLUDE:
HEAT GAIN BY THE DUCTS CARRYING THE CONDITIONED AIR
PASSING
THROUGH UNCONDITIONED SPACE.
HEAT TRANSFERRED THROUGH INTERIOR PARTITIONS OF ROOMS
IN THE
SAME BUILDING WHICH ARE NOT AIR CONDITIONED.
THE SOURCES WHICH CONTRIBUTE TO THE LATENT HEAT LOAD ARE:
- THE LATENT HEAT LOAD FROM THE AIR ENTERING INTO AIRCONDITIONED
SPACE BY INFILTRATION.
- THE LATENT HEAT LOAD FROM THE OCCUPANTS.
- THE LATENT HEAT LOAD FROM COOKING FOODS AND FROM
STORED
MATERIALS.
- MOISTURE PASSING DIRECTLY INTO THE AIR CONDITIONED SPACE
THROUGH PERMEABLE WALLS WHERE THE WATER VAPOUR
PRESSURE IS
HIGHER.

18

HEAT LOAD
THE ABOVE LISTED SOURCES ADD THE WATER VAPOUR INTO THE AIR-CONDITIONED
SPACE WHICH SHOULD BE REMOVED ABSORBING ITS LATENT HEAT BY THE
COOLING APPARATUS. THE AMOUNT OF HEAT REMOVED IN THE FORM OF LATENT
HEAT IS KNOWN AS LATENT HEAT LOAD.
THE REMOVAL OF 1KG OF WATER VAPOUR IS CONSIDERED EQUIVALENT TO 597
KCAL. OF HEAT LOAD ON COOLING COIL APPROXIMATELY. THIS FIGURE INCLUDES
SOME SENSIBLE HEAT IN ADDITION TO THE LATENT HEAT BECAUSE THE VAPOUR
ALWAYS REMAIN IN SUPERHEATED CONDITION IN AIR UNLESS THE AIR IS HOT IN
SATURATED CONDITION.

SUN LOAD
(A) LOAD DUE TO DIRECT RADIATION THROUGH GLASS:
THE GLASS HAS HIGH TRANSITIVITY SO THAT THE CONSIDERABLE AMOUNT OF HEAT
IS POURED DIRECTLY INTO THE AIR CONDITIONED SPACE BY THE SUN THROUGH
THE GLASS.
THE AMOUNT OF SOLAR HEAT DELIVERED THROUGH AN AIR CONDITIONED SPACE
THROUGH THE GRASS VARIES FROM HOUR TO HOUR, FROM DAY TO DAY AND FROM
LATITUDE TO LATITUDE.

19

PROVISION IN BUILDING
FOR AIR CONDITIONING
PLANTS:-

PLANT ROOM:-

Where possible it should be attached to the building; but for

large plants i.e. more then 500 tones there should be separate
plant room.

Should be centrally placed.

Should have a clear height of 3.6m b/w finished floor level and

soffit of slab.

Thumb rule for plant capacity is

1 ton per10sq.mt. for single story

1.25 ton per 10sq.mt. For multi storied building
20

 Area of plant room:-20sq.mt. +@27sq.mt. For 100sq.mt of carpet

area to be air conditioned.

Minimum area of plant room is 10sq.mt.

There should be adequate ventilation, lighting, and drainage

facilities.

There should be no windows to prevent noise transmission.

Ramps should be provided for easy transportation of equipments.
Flooring should be strong enough to bear a load of

approx.1300kg/cu.mt

21

S.NO.

CAPACITY

SIZE OF
PLANT
ROOM
(SQ.MT.)

TYPE

1*10 TONNES

10

Packed

2*20

20

Reciprocating

2*50

45

2*100

70

2*120

80

3*120

110

2*200

100

Centrifugal

1*500

130

2*500

250

22

AIR HANDLING UNITS: Minimum size 4.5sq.mt. for 100sq.mt.

of carpet area to be air conditioned.

Height shall be 3mt.
Fresh air opening should be provided
at .3sq.mt.per ton.

23

AIR HANDLING UNIT

An air handler, or air handling unit and

often abbreviated to AHU, is a device

used to condition and circulate air as
part of a heating, ventilating, and airconditioning (HVAC) system. Usually,
an air handler is a large metal box
containing a BLOWER, heating and/or
cooling elements, FILTER racks or
chambers and sound controllers. Air
handlers usually connect to duct that
distributes the conditioned air through
the building, and returns it to the AHU.
Sometimes AHU discharge (supply) and
admit (return) air directly to and from
the space served, without ductwork
24

1 - Supply duct
2 - Fan compartment
4 - Heating and/or
cooling coil
5 - Filter compartment
6 - Mixed (recirculated
+ outside) air duct

25

VIEW OF AHU

26

CONDITIONED AREA

COOLING POND AREA

Upto 1860sq.mt.

18sq.mt. per 100sq.mt.to be conditioned

1860-3720sq.mt.

15sq.mt. per 100sq.mt.to be conditioned

3720-5580sq.mt.

13sq.mt. per 100sq.mt.to be conditioned

5580sq.mt. and above

11sq.mt. per 100sq.mt.to be conditioned

NOTE: - Care should be taken that adequate space is provided

around cooling tower /pond for free flow of air.

27

4. MAKE UP WATER TANK: Due to water evaporation and drift there is

certain amount of loss of water in cooling
tower or pond.
To make up this loss make up water tank are
provided.
WATER LOSS DUE TO EVAPORATION AND DRIFT ARE:S.NO.

TYPE OF COOLING
TOWER

1.

Natural

MAKE UP WATER REQ.FOR

100SQ.MT. AREA TO BE
CONDITIONED
90liters per hour

2.

Forced

65 liters per hour

3.

Induced

185liters per hour

28

DUCTING: Supply and return air ducts are taken from (air

handling units) A.H.U. to rooms through

corridors.
False ceiling should be provided only after ducts
have been erected .
In air conditioned area it is advisable that walls
are erected only up to duct level, and when
complete ducting is done walls can be raised.
VERTICAL RISERS: - provided in multi storied
building through which ducts, chilled and
condenser water pipes are taken vertically up
or down ; done to avoid breakage of slabs.
GLAZING: Double glazing or heat resistant glass should be

used.
Big glazed opening should be avoided.

29

RETURN AIR:-

Since a substantial amount of energy goes into cooling

the air in the first place it is a practice to recycle the air.

The air is therefore brought back to the AHU, or the
packaged airconditioner, using return air ducts. It is
common to route the return air through the gap between
the false ceiling and the main ceiling, a space referred to
as a 'plenum'. It is desirable wherever possible to pass
the supply air duct through the return air plenum,
because this works like a heat exchanger, thereby
improving the efficiency of the plant. Sometimes a
separate system of return air ducts/boxing is employed
to carry the return air instead of using the plenum.
Where the supply air ducts do not pass through the
plenum, they are usually insulated so that cool air does
not pick up heat from the warmer surroundings.
30

FRESH AIR INTAKE: A certain volume of fresh, outside air is sucked into

the building near the AHU. This air is usually drawn

in through a 'damper' which is adjusted to allow the
specified volume of air into the building. This keeps
the air pressure within the building a little higher
than the outside air pressure. This prevents dusty,
moist or any undesirable external air from
infiltrating into the building.

31

THUMB RULE FOR AIR

CONDITIONING LOADS: Air conditioning load on basis of floor

area of 20sq.mt. per ton of

refrigeration.
Applicable only for insulated roofs and
intermediate floors with
Occupancy of 6sq.mt.per person
Lighting level 20watts per sq.mt.
External glazing 15% of floor area
32

Safety Margin: A safety factor of 5 percent shall be applied to the

calculated room air quantity to allow for any future increase in the
room internal load.
(d) The adjusted supply air shall be, thus, 5 percent in excess of the
calculated supply air.
(e) Air leakage: The maximum leakage amount shall
not exceed 4 percent of the adjusted supply air.
(f) Supply Air Fan Capacity:
The capacity of the supply air fan shall
be calculated per the following example:
(1) Calculated Supply Air Volume = 560 Cu M/Min (20,000 CFM)
(2) Safety Margin = 5 percent of item (1)= 28 Cu M/Min (1,000 CFM)
(3) Adjusted Supply Air Volume = 588 Cu M/Min (21,000 CFM)
(4) Duct Air Leakage = 4 percent of item (1)= 24 Cu M/Min (840 CFM)
(5) Supply Air Fan Capacity = 612 Cu M/Min (21,840 CFM)

Equipment Selection: selection of the supply air fan, cooling coil,

preheat coil, energy recovery coil (if any), filters, louvers, dampers,
etc., shall be based on the supply fan capacity
A psychrometric chart shall be
prepared for each air-handling unit. Make sure heat gains due to the
fan motor and duct friction losses are taken into account for sizing
cooling coils.

h) Air Distribution:
(1) The main supply air ductwork shall be sized to deliver the supply
air fan capacity
(2) The individual room air distribution system including supply,
return, exhaust air ductwork, air terminal units, reheat coils and air
outlets/inlets shall be sized and selected onthe basis of the adjusted
supply air volume.

Ductwork shall be stainless steel welded

construction.
Fan shall be acid resistant metallic or metallic
covered with inorganic
(polyurethane) coating, and explosion proof motor.
Ductwork shall be short, straight, with minimum
horizontal runs,
manifolds and sharp turns.

EQUIPMENT SCHEDULES
(a) Air Conditioning Design Data (Outdoor and Indoor Design Conditions
for the various occupancies)
(b) Air Flow Control Valves
(c) Air Flow Measuring Devices
(d) Air Handling Equipment
(e) Air Separators
(f) Chillers, Condensing Units, Air Cooled Condensers
(g) Heat Exchangers
(h) Cooling Towers
(i) Engineering Control Center
(j) Expansion Tanks
(k) Fans
(l) Fan-coil Units, Air Terminal Units (Boxes)
(m) Filters for closed loop Water Systems (chilled water and hot water)
(n) Finned Tube Radiation
(o) Heat Recovery Equipment
(p) Humidifiers
(q) Pre-filters and after-filters (may be combined with pre-filters)
(r) Preheat Coils, Cooling Coils, Reheat Coils
(s) Pressure Reducing Valves, Safety Valves
(t) Pumps
(u) Radiant Panels
(v) Room By Room Air Balance
(w) Sound Attenuators