PIPING (DESIGN ASPECTS)

VARUN KUMAR
04816101412(B.TECH-CT)

PIPING FUNDAMENTALS
PIPE:

It is a Tubular item made of metal, plastic, glass etc. meant

for conveying Liquid, Gas or any thing that flows.
It is a very important component for any industrial plant.
And its engineering plays a major part in overall
engineering of a Plant.

PIPING:

piping is a system of pipes used to convey fluids (liquids

and gases) from one location to another. The engineering
discipline of piping design studies the efficient transport of
fluid.
Industrial process piping can be manufactured from wood,
fiberglass, glass, steel, aluminum, plastic, copper, and
concrete.

SELECTION OF PIPING MATERIALS

Materials selection for achievement of metallurgical

stability shall be made on the basis of design condition
and to resist possible exposures against fire, corrosion,
operating condition, service etc.
The designer is confronted with the following concerns
regarding the material of construction as he begins the
design. These are:
a) Resistance to stress
b) Resistance to wear Design Life,Resistance to corrosion
etc.

STANDARDS AND CODES

ASME - The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
- B31 series

ASME B31.1 Power piping (steam piping etc.)

ASME B31.3 Process piping
ASME B31.4 Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid
Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids
ASME B31.5 Refrigeration piping and heat transfer components
ASME B31.8 Gas transmission and distribution piping systems
ASME B31.9 Building services piping
ASME B31.11 Slurry Transportation Piping Systems (Withdrawn,
Superseded by B31.4)
ASME B31.12 Hydrogen Piping and Pipelines

ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials

ASTM A252 Standard Specification for Welded and Seamless Steel

Pipelines.

API - American Petroleum Institute

API 5L Petroleum and natural gas industriesSteel pipe for pipeline
transportation systems.

EN 13480 - European metallic industrial piping code

EN 13480-1 Metallic industrial piping - Part 1: General

EN 13480-2 Metallic industrial piping - Part 2: Materials
EN 13480-3 Metallic industrial piping - Part 3: Design and calculation
EN 13480-4 Metallic industrial piping - Part 4: Fabrication and
installation
EN 13480-5 Metallic industrial piping - Part 5: Inspection and testing
EN 13480-6 Metallic industrial piping - Part 6: Additional
requirements for buried piping
PD TR 13480-7 Metallic industrial piping - Part 7: Guidance on the
use of conformity assessment procedures
EN 13480-8 Metallic industrial piping - Part 8: Additional
requirements for aluminium and aluminium alloy piping

DESIGN AND CALCULATIONS

The basic formula for determining pipe wall thickness is the
general hoop stress formula for thin-wall cylinders, which is
stated as

where
HS = hoop stress in pipe wall, psi,
t = pipe wall thickness, in.,
L = length of pipe, ft,
P = internal pressure of the pipe, psi,
and dO = outside diameter of pipe, in.

Wall thickness calculations - using B31.3 Code

ANSI/ASME Standard B31.3 is a very stringent code with a high safety
margin. The B31.3 wall-thickness calculation formula is stated as

where
t = minimum design wall thickness, in.,
te = corrosion allowance, in.,
tth = thread or groove depth, in.
P = allowable internal pressure in pipe, psi,
dO = outside diameter of pipe, in.,
S = allowable stress for pipe, psi,
E = longitudinal weld-joint factor [1.0 seamless, 0.95 electric fusion
weld, double butt, straight or spiral seam APL 5L, 0.85 electric
resistance weld (ERW), 0.60 furnace butt weld],
Y = derating factor (0.4 for ferrous materials operating below 900F),
Tol = manufacturers allowable tolerance,% (12.5 pipe up to 20 in.OD, 10 pipe > 20 in. OD, API 5L).

Wall thickness calculations - using B31.4 Code

The ANSI/ASME Standard B31.4 code is somewhat less stringent
than that of Standard B31.3 because of the lower levels of
hazard associated with liquid pipelines. The code for Standard
B31.4 is used often as the standard of design for crude-oil
piping systems in facilities, such as pump stations, pigging
facilities, measurement and regulation stations, and tank farms.
The wall-thickness formula for Standard B31.4 is stated as

where
t = minimum design wall thickness, in.,
P = internal pressure in pipe, psi,
dO = OD of pipe, in.,
SY = minimum yield stress for pipe, psi
F = derating factor, 0.72 for all locations,
and E = longitudinal weld-joint factor [1.0 seamless, ERW, double
submerged arc weld and flash weld; 0.80 electric fusion (arc)
weld and electric fusion weld, 0.60 furnace butt weld].

Liquid line sizing

The liquid velocity can be expressed as

where
QL = fluid-flow rate, B/D
and d = pipe ID, in.
In piping systems where solids might be present or where
water could settle out and create corrosion zones in low
spots, a minimum velocity of 3 ft/sec is normally used. A
maximum velocity of 15 ft/sec is often used to minimize the
possibility of erosion by solids and water hammer caused
by quickly closing a valve.

Gas line sizing

The velocity in gas lines should be less than 60 to 80 ft/sec to
minimize noise and allow for corrosion inhibition. A lower
velocity of 50 ft/sec should be used in the presence of known
corrosives such as CO2. The minimum gas velocity should be
between 10 and 15 ft/sec, which minimizes liquid fallout.
Gas velocity is expressed in

where
Vg = gas velocity, ft/sec,
Qg = gas-flow rate, MMscf/D,
T = gas flowing temperature, R,
P = flowing pressure,psia,
Z = compressibility factor, dimensionless,
and d = pipe ID in.