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Types of Pumps
Positive displacement pumps
Rotary (gear, screw, etc.)
Reciprocating (piston, diaphragm, etc.)
Used as injection and sprayer pumps,
Centrifugal pumps
Rotating impeller converts mechanical
Enclosed Impeller
Semi-Open Impeller
Centrifugal Pumps
Horizontal
Drive shaft is horizontal
Often used when pumping from a
Horizontal
Centrifugal Pumps
(Discharge Heads)
Gearhead for
engine drive
Holloshaft electric
motor
Pump Characteristics
Head vs. discharge
discharge (or capacity): volume of water
(Q)(TDH)
whp =
3960
whp
(Q)(TDH)
bhp =
Ep
(3960)(E p )
where: Q, (gpm); TDH, (ft); bhp & whp,
(HP)
Combined characteristic curves
Horizontal centrifugal pump
Vertical turbine pump
Affinity Laws
Speed
Law applies to virtually all irrigation pumps
Q 2 RPM 2
Q1 RPM 1
TDH 2 RPM 2
TDH 1 RPM 1
bhp 2 RPM 2
bhp 1 RPM 1
predictable
Ways of changing speeds:
pulleys, gear ratios, throttle, change motor
RPM1=1800
RPM2= 2000
RPM2/RPM1=1.11
Q2 D2
Q1 D1
TDH 2 D 2
TDH 1 D1
bhp 2 D 2
bhp 1 D1
Pumps in Series
Booster pump
Multi-stage turbine pump
Q1 = Q2
TDHtot = TDH1 + TDH2
Ep
Q (TDH tot )
3960
bhptot
Pumps in Parallel
Ep
( Qtot ) H
3960
bhptot
Pump Selection
System Head
Definition:
Total head imposed on a pump by the
Components
Static Head (Elevation Head): elevation
Components Contd
Pressure Head: difference in water pressures
System Head =
feet)
because of:
drawdown (wells)
friction
pressure at nozzles
time:
General
desired Q at a high Ep
determine the number of bowls required to
up to the impeller
Theoretical vs. practical lift
Describe cavitation
NPSHa
NPSHa = AP - SL - FL - VP
AP = atmospheric pressure
SL = suction lift
(vertical distance)
FL = friction loss on suction side
VP = vapor pressure
all have units of feet
Absolute Pressure(psi)
Absolute Pressure(ft)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10,000
14.7
14.4
14.2
13.9
13.7
13.4
13.2
12.9
12.7
12.2
11.8
11.3
10.9
10.5
10.1
34.0
33.3
32.8
32.2
31.6
31.0
30.5
29.8
29.4
28.2
27.3
26.2
25.2
24.3
23.4
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
130
150
170
190
210
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.2
3.0
5.2
8.7
14.2
22.3
34.0
NPSHr
(increases as Q increases)
If NPSHa > NPSHr:
Design is OK
If NPSHa < NPSHr:
Cavitation will be a
problem
(good idea to
have a factor of safety)
Power Units
Electric motors
direct coupled
High Efficiency drive (Edrive=100%), but Fixed Speed
belt drive
Variable Speed, but Lower Efficiency drive (Edrive= 90%)
rated by output HP
Natural gas
Diesel fuel
Propane
Gasoline
Pumping Costs
Fixed Costs vs. Operating Costs
Fixed: pump, motor/engine, well, other
equipment
(total cost is the same
regardless of use)
Operating: energy, maintenance, repairs,
labor
(total cost increases with
increasing use)
Maximum
Theoretical
Electric
72-77
65
45 55
Diesel
20 25
18
13 15
Natural
Gas
18 24
15 18
9 13
Butane,
Propane
18 24
15 18
9 13
Gasoline
18 23
14 16
9 12
feet
TDH = total system head, feet
Eo = overall pumping plant efficiency = %
Ce= electricity price, $/kilowatt-hour
1.373 HP-hr
V ac-ft
TDH ft
0.746 kwh $Ce
x
x
x
x
$/yr
ac-ft ft
( Eo / 100%)
HP-hr
kwh
feet
TDH = total system head, feet
Eo = overall pumping plant efficiency, %
Cg = natural gas price = $/1000 cubic feet of
gas
1.373 HP-hr
V ac-ft
TDH ft
ft 3
2545 BTU
$Cg
x
x
x
x
x
$/yr
3
ac-ft ft
(Eo/ 100%)
1000 BTU
HP-hr
1000 ft
2.862 x Eo
34.691 x Eo
Propane:
TDH x Cp
Diesel:
TDH x Cd
Eo
4.856 x Eo
Electric:
Energy Cost, $/yr = 102.4 x V x TDH x Ce
8.448 x TDH x Ce
Eo
Eo
Performance Criteria
Target" for a system that is well
energy input
energy unit
(natural gas)
Performance Criteria
Q = 800 gpm
TDH = 218 feet
diesel fuel consumption = 4 gallons per
hour
performance rating? -- Equation 7.12
gallons of fuel per acre-inch of water
pumped? -- Equation 7.14
(800 gpm)(216 ft)
44 whp
3960
= 11 whp-hr/gal
performance criteria = PC = 12.5
whp-hr/gal
performance rating = PR = 11 / 12.5
= 0.88
TDH
218
E =
=
= 2.26 gal / ac - in
(8.75)(PC)(PR)
(8.75)(12.5)(0.88)
Head Capacity Curve for Centrifugal Pump With Various Pump Speeds