Multiplexagem por divisão no

comprimento de onda, WDM

TRANSMISSÃO POR
FIBRAS ÓPTICAS
Multiplexagem por divisão de
comprimento de onda (WDM)
 Multiplexagem por divisão de comprimento
de onda (WDM)
Princípios básicos
• Características gerais dos sistemas de
multiplexagem de comprimento de onda
– emissores produzem luz com diferentes
comprimentos de onda
– sinais ópticos são combinados e transmitidos
numa fibra monomodo
– na recepção os sinais são separados (filtrados) e
entregues a receptores
Multiplexagem por divisão de comprimento
de onda (WDM)
 Princípios básicos
Bandas WDM
– UIT definiu 6 bandas contíguas que ajudam a especificar sistemas
WDM
– estas bandas englobam as 2ª e 3ª janelas dos sistemas clássicos
 Princípios básicos
Primeiros sistemas de multiplexagem de comprimento de onda
– até cerca de 4 comprimentos de onda
– pré-normalização → dificultou oferta de lasers com comprimentos de
onda standard
Multiplexagem esparsa de comprimento de onda (CWDM,
Coarse WDM)
– espaçamento moderado de comprimentos de onda → 20 nm
– possível utilizar lasers sem controlo de estabilidade de comprimento de
onda
– grelha de comprimentos de onda normalizada pela UIT
Multiplexagem esparsa de comprimento
de onda (CWDM, Coarse WDM)
Multiplexagem densa de comprimento de onda
(DWDM, Dense WDM)
Multiplexagem densa de comprimento de onda (DWDM, Dense
WDM)
– várias dezenas (futuramente centenas) de comprimentos de onda
– necessário utilizar mecanismos de controlo de estabilidade dos lasers
– grelhas de frequências normalizadas pela UIT
• centradas a 193,1 THz (C-Band)
• espaçamentos de 12,5 / 25 / 50 / 100 GHz e múltiplos de 100 GHz
– bandas prioritárias: S-Band, C-Band, L-Band
Multiplexagem por divisão de
comprimento de onda (WDM)
Elementos de rede
Global Network Hierarchy
Global Network Hierarchy
 Long-Haul Networks
• Long-haul networks are at the core of the global
network. Dominated by a small group of large
transnational and global carriers, long-haul
networks connect the MANs.
• Their application is transport, so their primary
concern is capacity. In many cases these
networks, which have traditionally been based
on Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) or
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)
technology, are experiencing fiber exhaust as a
result of high bandwidth demand.
 Long-Haul Networks
• At the other end of the spectrum are
the access networks.
– These networks are the closest to the
end users, at the edge of the MAN.
– They are characterized by diverse
protocols and infrastructures, and they
span a broad spectrum of rates.
– Customers range from residential
Internet users to large corporations
and institutions.
 Networking at High Speed
• Pulses of infrared light guided through glass
fibers move huge blocks of data long or short
distances
– insensitive to electrical interference
– cheap and light weight
• Telephone, Data and Cable TV
– Long distances WAN - Wide Area Net’s
– Short Distances LAN - Local Area Net’s
– In between MAN - Metro Area Net’s
 Optic Fiber based Networking
1. Information is carried by light confined in glass fibers:

2. Light is modulated by pulsing the source:

 Optic Fiber based Networking
• SONET/SDH are Timed Division
Multiplex (TDM) protocols:
–OC-3 51.84 Mb/s OC-12 622 Mb/s
OC-48 2.488 Gb/s OC-192 9.953
Gb/s
–OC-768 40 Gb/s
 Bandwidth Demand

Data Traffic Overtakes Voice Traffic

Options for Increasing Carrier Bandwidth
• Faced with the challenge of dramatically
increasing capacity while constraining costs,
carriers have two options:
• Install new fiber or increase the effective
bandwidth of existing fiber.
• Increasing the effective capacity of existing
fiber can be accomplished in two ways:
– Increase the bit rate of existing systems.
– Increase the number of wavelengths on a fiber.
 1. Increase the Bit Rate
• Using TDM, data is now routinely transmitted at 2.5 Gbps
(OC-48) and, increasingly, at 10 Gbps (OC-192); recent
advances have resulted in speeds of 40 Gbps (OC-768).
– The electronic circuitry that makes this possible, however, is
complex and costly, both to purchase and to maintain.
– Transmission at OC-192 over single-mode (SM) fiber, is 16
times more affected by chromatic dispersion than the next
lower aggregate speed, OC-48.
– The greater transmission power required by the higher bit rates
also introduces nonlinear effects that can affect waveform
quality.
– Finally, polarization mode dispersion, another effect that limits
the distance a light pulse can travel without degradation, is also
an issue.
 2. Increase the Number of
Wavelengths
• In this approach, many wavelengths are
combined onto a single fiber.
– Using wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)
technology several wavelengths, or light colors, can
simultaneously multiplex signals of 2.5 to 40 Gbps
each over a strand of fiber.
– Without having to lay new fiber, the effective capacity
of existing fiber plant can routinely be increased by a
factor of 16 or 32. Systems with 128 and 160
wavelengths are in operation today, with higher
density on the horizon.
 SONET and TDM
• The telecommunications industry adopted the Synchronous
Optical Network (SONET) or Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
(SDH) standard for optical transport of TDM data.
• SONET and SDH, are two standards that specify interface
parameters, rates, framing formats, multiplexing methods,
and management for synchronous TDM over fiber.
• SONET/SDH takes n bit streams, multiplexes them, and
optically modulates the signal, sending it out using a light
emitting device over fiber with a bit rate equal to (incoming
bit rate) x n.
• Thus traffic arriving at the SONET multiplexer from four places
at 2.5 Gbps will go out as a single stream at 4 x 2.5 Gbps, or 10
Gbps.
– This principle is illustrated in Figure 1-5, which shows an increase in the bit rate by a
factor of four in time slot T.
 SONET TDM

• The original unit used in multiplexing telephone calls is 64 kbps,

which represents one phone call.
• Twenty-four (in North America) or thirty-two (outside North
America) of these units are multiplexed using TDM into a higher bit-
rate signal with an aggregate speed of 1.544 Mbps or 2.048 Mbps
for transmission over T1 or E1 lines, respectively
TDM and SONET Aggregation
 TDM and SONET Aggregation
• SONET/SDH does have some drawbacks:
As with any TDM, the notions of priority
or congestion do not exist in SONET or
SDH.
• Also, the multiplexing hierarchy is a rigid
one. When more capacity is needed, a
leap to the next multiple must be made,
likely resulting in an outlay for more
capacity than is initially needed.
 Ethernet in SONET Inefficiencies

To summarize, the demand placed on the transport

infrastructure by bandwidth-hungry applications and
the explosive growth of the Internet has exceeded
the limits of traditional TDM.
Fiber, which once promised seemingly unlimited
bandwidth, is being exhausted, and the expense,
complexity, and scalability limitations of the SONET
infrastructure are becoming increasingly problematic.
Multiplexagem por divisão no
comprimento de onda, WDM

TRANSMISSÃO POR
FIBRAS ÓPTICAS
 Components and Operation
• DWDM is a core technology in an optical
transport network. The essential components of
DWDM can be classified by their place in the
system as follows:
• On the transmit side, lasers with precise, stable wavelengths
• On the link, optical fiber that exhibits low loss and
transmission performance in the relevant wavelength
spectra, in addition to flat-gain optical amplifiers to boost the
signal on longer spans
• On the receive side, photodetectors and optical
demultiplexers using thin film filters or diffractive elements
• Optical add/drop multiplexers and optical cross-connect
components
 Components and Operation
• WDM increases the carrying capacity of the
physical medium (fiber) using a completely
different method from TDM.
• WDM assigns incoming optical signals to
specific frequencies of light (wavelengths, or
lambdas) within a certain frequency band.
• This multiplexing closely resembles the way
radio stations broadcast on different
wavelengths without interfering with each
other
 Components and Operation

In a WDM system, each of the wavelengths is launched

into the fiber, and the signals are demultiplexed at the
receiving end.
Like TDM, the resulting capacity is an aggregate of the
input signals, but WDM carries each input signal
independently of the others. This means that each
channel has its own dedicated bandwidth; all signals
arrive at the same time, rather than being broken up and
carried in time slots.
 Components and Operation
• The difference between WDM and dense
wavelength division multiplexing
(DWDM) is fundamentally one of only
degree.
• DWDM spaces the wavelengths more
closely than does WDM, and therefore
has a greater overall capacity.
 Atenção
• WDM and DWDM use single-mode fiber to
carry multiple lightwaves of differing
frequencies.
• This should not be confused with transmission
over multimode fiber, in which light is
launched into the fiber at different angles,
resulting in different “modes” of light.
• A single wavelength is used in multimode
transmission.
 TDM and WDM Compared
• SONET TDM takes synchronous and asynchronous
signals and multiplexes them to a single higher bit
rate for transmission at a single wavelength over
fiber. Source signals may have to be converted
from electrical to optical, or from optical to electrical
and back to optical before being multiplexed.
• WDM takes multiple optical signals, maps them to
individual wavelengths, and multiplexes the
wavelengths over a single fiber.
• Another fundamental difference between the two
technologies is that WDM can carry multiple
protocols without a common signal format, while
SONET cannot.
TDM and WDM Interfaces
High-Speed Enterprise WAN Bandwidth
Migration
 WHY DWDM?
• From both technical and economic
perspectives, the ability to provide
potentially unlimited transmission capacity
is the most obvious advantage of DWDM
technology.
– The current investment in fiber plant can not
only be preserved, but optimized by a factor
of at least 32. As demands change, more
capacity can be added, either by simple
equipment upgrades or by increasing the
number of lambdas on the fiber, without
expensive upgrades. Capacity can be
obtained for the cost of the equipment, and
existing fiber plant investment is retained.
 WHY DWDM?
• Bandwidth aside, DWDM’s most compelling technical
advantages can be summarized as follows:
• Transparency—Because DWDM is a physical layer
architecture, it can transparently support both TDM
and data formats such as ATM, Gigabit Ethernet,
ESCON, and Fibre Channel with open interfaces over
a common physical layer.
• Scalability—DWDM can leverage the abundance of
dark fiber in many metropolitan area and enterprise
networks to quickly meet demand for capacity on
point-to-point links and on spans of existing
SONET/SDH rings.
• Dynamic provisioning—Fast, simple, and dynamic
provisioning of network connections give providers
the ability to provide high-bandwidth services in days
rather than months.
• By using DWDM as a SONET with DWDM
transport for TDM,
existing SONET
equipment
investments can be
preserved.
• Often new
implementations can
eliminate layers of
equipment. For
example, SONET
multiplexing
equipment can be
avoided altogether by
interfacing directly to
DWDM equipment
DWDM Eliminates Regenerators
Upgrading with DWDM
WDM Systems Overview
 Multiplexagem por divisão no
comprimento de onda, WDM
• O sistema WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing)
é uma evolução do sistema óptico ponto-a-ponto
tradicional. O seu princípio de funcionamento é
essencialmente o mesmo da multiplexação pela
divisão em freqüência (FDM), em que vários sinais
são transmitidos através do mesmo meio com o uso
de diferentes portadoras. A tecnologia WDM
possibilita a transmissão de várias portadoras
ópticas em uma mesma fibra, cada uma delas
carregando determinado fluxo de dados.
Wavelength Division Multiplexing
• All of the current systems use a
range of wavelengths between
1540 nm and 1560 nm.
• There are two reasons for this:
–First to take advantage of the “low
loss” transmission window in
optical fibre and second to enable
the use of erbium doped fibre
amplifiers.
Wavelength Division Multiplexing
• Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) is
the basic technology of optical networking.
– It is a technique for using a fibre (or optical device)
to carry many separate and independent optical
channels.
• The principle is identical to that used when we
tune our television receiver to one of many TV
channels.
– Each channel is transmitted at a different radio
frequency and we select between them using a
“tuner” which is just a resonant circuit within the
TV set.
WDM with Two Channels
 Wavelength Division Multiplexing
• A técnica WDM utiliza a banda espectral na região de
1.300 nm e 1.500 nm, que são as duas janelas de
comprimento de onda onde as fibras ópticas
possuem perda de sinal muito baixa. Inicialmente,
cada janela era usada para transmitir apenas um
único sinal digital.
– O desenvolvimento dos componentes ópticos, como os
lasers de realimentação distribuída (DFB), os
amplificadores de fibras dopadas com érbio (EDFAs), e os
fotodetectores e os filtros ópticos, permitiu a utilização de
cada janela para a transmissão de vários sinais ópticos,
cada um ocupando uma pequena fração da janela total
disponível.
• Os sistemas WDM evoluíram para as tecnologias
DWDM e CWDM.
• O DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)
refere-se a sistemas que utilizam um espaçamento
menor que 200 GHz entre os comprimentos de onda.
• O CWDM (Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing)
refere-se a sistemas mais baratos que utilizam
espaçamentos maiores entre os comprimentos de
onda, que ficam normalmente em torno de 0,1 GHz.
Um sistema de transmissão WDM ponto-
a-ponto.
 Sistemas WDM ponto-a-ponto e em anel

• A Figura 6.1 ilustra um sistema WDM ponto-a-

ponto constituído por três nós. Nesse enlace, o
nó A transmite os dados para o nó C através de
um nó intermediário B. O sistema pode operar
nas bandas S, C, L e U, ou uma combinação
delas, com os sinais ópticos espaçados de 100
GHz (0,8 nm) ou 50 GHz (0,4 nm), de acordo
com o padrão ITU. No nó A, os sinais elétricos
de equipamentos de transmissão são inseridos
nos dispositivos ópticos que os convertem em
diferentes comprimentos de onda.
 Sistemas WDM ponto-a-ponto e em anel
• Esses equipamentos podem ser da plataforma SDH,
switches ATM, roteadores IP ou LSRs (label switch
routers). Os níveis de potência de cada sinal óptico são
ajustados usando-se atenuadores ópticos controláveis
para evitar efeitos não-lineares na fibra. Os sinais
ópticos são multiplexados em sinal WDM por um guia de
onda seqüencial (AWG) ou por um multiplexador-
acoplador. O sinal WDM é amplificado antes de ser
transmitido na fibra e, no nó intermediário B, o sinal é
amplificado novamente antes do demultiplexador AWG.
Cada sinal óptico demultiplexado é inserido em um
comutador óptico (OADM ou OXC), que ode ser
totalmente óptico (OOO) ou óptico-elétrico-óptico (OEO).
Conversão de comprimento de onda em um enlace
ponto-a-ponto.
 Sistemas WDM ponto-a-ponto e
em anel
• No nó C, o sinal óptico é novamente amplificado e
demultiplexado em diferentes comprimentos de
onda, que são detectados por um conjunto de
fotodetectores. Os sinais elétricos já convertidos são
encaminhados para as interfaces das redes de dados
clientes. Os transponders geralmente desempenham
esta função de ser a interface que detecta e converte
o sinal da rede WDM em sinal de dados cliente, que
podem ser ainda demultiplexados no domínio do
tempo para possibilitar taxas de dados menores,
Figura 6.2.
• Esta conversão é realizada pelos transponders,
que serão detalhados neste capítulo.
• Os transponders também convertem os
comprimentos de onda que chegam das redes
de dados clientes para a grade ITU de
comprimentos de onda. O sinal também pode
ser derivado no nó B, se o destino for esse nó,
como ilustra a Figura 6.3.
Derivação de um sinal óptico em um
enlace ponto-a-ponto.
 Sistemas WDM ponto-a-ponto e
em anel
• Um anel WDM é construído utilizando-se a mesma
estrutura do enlace ponto-a-ponto de 3 nós. Neste
caso, o anel WDM é composto de vários nós com
comutadores ópticos e nós de passagem. Um enlace
pode ser estabelecido no anel por meio da inserção
de um sinal óptico em determinado nó do anel e da
derivação em outro nó, Figura 6.4. O comutador
óptico utilizado para o estabelecimento de um anel
WDM é o OADM (optical add drop multiplexer) que
permite a inserção e a derivação dos sinais ópticos.
Constituição de um anel WDM.
Evolution of DWDM
DWDM Functional Schematic
DWDM Functional Schematic
DWDM Systems
 DWDM Systems
The system performs the following main functions:
• Generating the signal —The source, a solid-state
laser, must provide stable light within a specific,
narrow bandwidth that carries the digital data,
modulated as an analog signal.
• Combining the signals —Modern DWDM systems
employ multiplexers to combine the signals.
There is some inherent loss associated with
multiplexing and demultiplexing. This loss is
dependent upon the number of channels but can
be mitigated with optical amplifiers, which boost
all the wavelengths at once without electrical
conversion.
 DWDM Systems
• Transmitting the signals —The effects of crosstalk and
optical signal degradation or loss must be reckoned with
in fiber optic transmission. These effects can be
minimized by controlling variables such as channel
spacings, wavelength tolerance, and laser power levels.
Over a transmission link, the signal may need to be
optically amplified.
• Separating the received signals —At the receiving end,
the multiplexed signals must be separated out. Although
this task would appear to be simply the opposite of
combining the signals, it is actually more technically
difficult.
• Receiving the signals —The demultiplexed signal is
received by a photodetector. In addition to these
functions, a DWDM system must also be equipped with
client-side interfaces to receive the input signal. This
function is performed by transponders.
systems with Bandwidth of WDM
systems with EDFAs
 Systems Concepts
• Optical Communication system use several
Multiplexing techniques; all include TDM (Time
Division Multiplexing)
• TDM standards (SONET, SDH): ex. OC-192 =
STM-64 = 10 Gb/s
– Modulation is ISK –Intensity Shifted Keying and NRZ format
• DWDM systems use Gb/s lasers at different lambdas
– Aggregated bit rate = NxB
– Channel spacing 50-100 GHz; ITU grid
– Total optical bandwidth limited by bandwidth of optical
amplifiers
– Total power NxP(nonlinear optical effects are important)
 DWDM: Mux, Transponder, OXC
• A Figura 14 nos mostra a representação de um Sistema WDM,
onde vários sinais ópticos de mesma intensidade, com
espaçamento adequado e com comprimentos de onda
altamente estáveis, são combinados em um dispositivo óptico
passivo, denominado Multiplexador Óptico, ou Mux.Óptico,
ou ainda simplesmente Mux.  
Na realidade é muito difícil Transponder
obter comprimentos de onda
entrantes em um
Multiplexador Óptico, com
sinais de mesma intensidade
e, com espaçamento
adequado entre eles.
 Para resolver esta situação
foi desenvolvido dentro do
Sistema WDM um
subsistema chamado de Internacionalmente, os Transponders, dependendo
Transponder que se encontra dos tipos das funções que internamente executam,
de modo simplificado como resumidamente encontra-se explicado na
Tabela 3 abaixo, são designados como 1R, 2R e, 3R.
ilustrado na Figura 15, que
tem por finalidade
uniformizar a intensidade e
comprimentos de onda dos
sinais ópticos recebidos e,
impor um espaçamento
adequado
 Aplicação prática de um OADM, inserido em um
Enlace
• Alguns Fabricantes
incorporam em seus
produtos a possibilidade
de executar a inserção e
retirada de
Comprimentos de Onda,
de forma remota,
permitindo desta forma
o chamado ROADM (do
Inglês: R econfigurable O
ptical A dd and D rop) ,
ou seja, um OADM
Reconfigurável. 
 OXC
Outro elemento
fundamental, a ser
usado na arquitetura
de uma Rede
Totalmente Óptica
(em inglês, All Optical
Network: AON ) é o
chamado Optical
Cross Connect,
abreviado como OXC,
ou seja, em uma
tradução livre; Chave
Óptica.
Dense WDM Links
 Dense WDM Links
Transmitters
– In practical terms the transmitter is always a laser. It must have a
linewidth which (after modulation) fits easily within its allocated band.
It must not go outside the allocated band so it should have chirp and
drift characteristics that ensure this. Depending on the width of the
allocated band, these characteristics don't need to be the most perfect
obtainable. However they do have to be such that the signal stays
where it is supposed to be.
Combining the Signals (Channels)
– There are several ways of combining the signals. The most obvious is
to use a number of 3-dB splitters or Y-junctions connected in cascade.
The problem with this is that you lose 3 dB at each stage. With a large
number (say 32) signals each one will be reduced to 1/32 nd of its
initial strength.
– This is fine with a small number of channels but when you have a
relatively large number then you will probably have to amplify the
combined signal immediately after it is mixed.
– Gratings and planar waveguide gratings have much lower loss and
their loss is not dependent on the number of channels so these are
most often used in systems with more than four channels.
 Dense WDM Links
Transmission and Amplification
– In transmission on a fibre the main issue is controlling
crosstalk effects.
– Channel spacings, widths and power levels are system
variables that can be used to minimise crosstalk.
– Amplification is a major issue. The ability to amplify the
mixed signal is one of the things that makes WDM
possible.
• Separating the Channels at the Receiver
– This is more difficult than combining them. There are
several possible techniques we can use:
. Reflective (Littrow) gratings
. Waveguide grating routers
. Circulators with in-fibre bragg gratings
. Splitters with individual Fabry-Perot filters
– These are discussed later in this chapter.
 Dense WDM Links
• Receiving the Signals
– The receiver is relatively straightforward and is generally
the same as a non-WDM receiver. This is because the
signal has been de-multiplexed before it arrives at the
detector.
 Operation of a Transponder Based
DWDM System
• Within the DWDM system a transponder
converts the client optical signal from back to
an electrical signal and performs the 3R
functions (see Figure 2-25).
• This electrical signal is then used to drive the
WDM laser. Each transponder within the
system converts its client's signal to a slightly
different wavelength. The wavelengths from
all of the transponders in the system are then
optically multiplexed.
• In the receive direction of the DWDM
system, the reverse process takes place.
Individual wavelengths are filtered from
the multiplexed fiber and fed to
individual transponders, which convert
the signal to electrical and drive a
standard interface to the client.
 Transponder Functions

Operation of a Transponder Based DWDM System

Os Parâmetros que normalmente definem um Amplificador Óptico, são os seguintes:
Faixa de Operação [ nm ]
Faixa de Variação de Potencia de Entrada [ dBm ]
Faixa de Variação de Ganho [ dB ]
Figura de Ruído [ dB ]
Potência de Saída [ dBm ]
Eficiência da Conversão de Potência [ % ]
PDG ( Polarization Dependent Gain ) [ dB ]
PMD ( Polarization Mode Dispersion ) [ ps ]
DWDM Transport Layer
Resumo
Princípio básico de funcionamento da WDM
Princípio básico de funcionamento do desmultiplexador de
WDM
Multiplexagem por divisão no
comprimento de onda, WDM
Bandas da 3ª janela
Potência devida à diafonia
Estimativa da penalidade de potência
devida à filtragem óptica
Máximo débito binário de transmissão do
sinal WDM
Exemplo de cálculo do máximo débito binário de
transmissão do sinal WDM
Fourth Generation (4G) Wireless
 Fourth Generation (4G) Wireless
• Use Wave Ready transponders to convert
each service to a different wavelength
and then multiplex all services together
for transport across a single fiber link.
• Each wavelength behaves as a new fiber
and the network gains a service-
independent optical channel with each
wavelength added, up to 80 wavelengths
on a single fiber.
WaveReady Applications
Channel In-Fill
 WaveReady Applications
Channel In-Fill
• The innovative Wave Ready channel in-fill
system enhances the capacity of legacy
networks by adding new wavelengths to
existing fiber and avoiding the need for new
fiber.
• Channel in-fill offers significant savings over
replacement or upgrades:
– Extends the life of existing hardware investments
– Saves cost for those systems that can still be
upgraded
Optical Solutions for the Entire
Network Lifecycle
Topologies and Protection
Schemes for DWDM
Optical Networking - The DWDM Forest
Point-to-Point Topologies
DWDM Hub and Satellite Ring Architecture
Mesh, Point-to-Point, and Ring
Architectures
Next Generation Metropolitan Optical
Network
 Conclusion
• A wealth of technologies have been developed
for high speed networking based on a few
simple physical phenomena:
– Reflection and refraction (geometric optics) Optic
fibers
– Interference Optical Spectrum Analysis high
resolution distance measurements Filters,
mux/demux, isolators, et cetera external
modulators
– Atomic transitions and Raman scattering LEDs,
LASERs Light detectors - PIN diodes, APDs Optical
Amplifiers
– Index of Refraction Chromatic and Polarization
Mode Dispersion
Obrigado pela atenção
dispensada