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SEISMIC DESIGN OF CONCRETE PILE

Presented by

Guide

R NARENDER

PROF SB BORGHATTE

Applied Mechanics Department,

Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology ,Nagpur

Presentation Outline

1. Introduction
2. Objective
3. Estimation of loads on the structure
4. Estimating pile length
5.Estimation of pile capacity
6. Estimation of bearing capacity of group piles

Introduction

When the upper soil layer(s) is (are) highly compressible and too weak to support the load transmitted by the
superstructure, piles are used to transmit the load to underlying bedrocks or a stronger soil layer.
When bedrock is not encountered at a reasonable depth below the ground surface, piles are used to transmit the
structural load to the soil gradually
In many cases, expansive and collapsible soils may be present at the site of a proposed structure
Expansive soils swell and shrink as the moisture content increases and decreases, and the swelling pressure of
such soils can be considerable
If shallow foundations are used in such circumstances, the structure may suffer considerable damage

A sudden decrease in the void ratio of soil induces large settlements of structures supported by shallow
foundations. In such cases, piles foundations may be used in which piles are extended into stable soil layers
beyond the zone of possible moisture change.

Objective

As a case study, a model of a typical multi storied residential building is considered and the seismic action on
it is determined for the different seismic zones in India and the different ground types
The procedures, as per IS 1893 is followed to estimate the seismic loads on the structure
Among different foundation loads the maximum loaded foundation was considered for the foundation design

Estimation of seismic loads on the structure

For an efficient seismic design of the foundation, it is important to estimate the loads that are being
transferred to the foundation during an earthquake
The methods proposed by the Indian standard (IS 1893) reviewed and used to estimate the seismic loads
As a case study, to estimate the seismic loads that act on a structure during an earthquake, a typical multistoried building (G + 20) frame model is considered
The modelling of the building without the staircase was done in the computer program SAP2000 with the
assumed geometry and material properties
Grade of Concrete: M3O
Grade of Steel: Fe415

Seismic weight of the structure as per IS 1893 =92310 kN


By SAP2000 Base shear For G + 20 Building is
In X direction (VB)X = 2262.875 kN
In Y direction (VB)Y = 2011.664 kN

Load of the Superstructure at Foundation Level


Column Groups

Column Grid no

Group I

A1, A4, F1, F4

Group II

B1, B4, E1, E4

Group III

C1, C4, D1, D4

Group IV

B2, B3, E2, E3

Group V

C2, C3, D2, D3

Group VI

A2, A3, F2, F3

Joint Reaction at foundation level for Group 1

Critical Loads
(F1) max =150.18 kN
(F2) max = 135.518 kN
(F3) max = 6235.732 kN
Critical moments
(M1)

max

= 306.8276 kN-m

(M2)

max

= 395.0617 kN-m

(M3)

max

= 0.1379 kN-m

Estimating pile length

piles can be divided into three major categories, depending on their lengths and the mechanisms of load transfer
to the soil:
(a) point bearing piles
(b) friction piles
(c) compaction piles
point bearing piles:
If soil-boring records establish the presence of bedrocks or rocklike material at a site within a reasonable depth,
piles can be extended to the rock surface

Fig (a) and (b) Point bearing piles; (c) friction piles

The ultimate pile load may be expressed as

Q= Q
u

+ Qs

Where
Qp = load carried at the pile point
Qs = load carried by skin friction developed at the side of the pile (caused by shearing resistance between the
soil and the pile)

If Qs is very small,
Qu Qp
In this case, the required pile length maybe estimated accurately if proper subsoil exploration records are
available

Friction Piles

When no layer of rock or rocklike material is present at a reasonable depth at a site, point bearing piles
become very long and uneconomical
Qu Qs
These piles are called friction piles because most of the resistance is derived from skin friction
The length of friction of piles depends on the shear strength of the soil, the applied load and the pile size

Compaction Piles

Under certain circumstances, piles are driven in granular soils to achieve proper compaction of soil close to
the ground surface
The length of compaction piles depends on factors such as
(a) Relative density of the soil before compaction,
(b) Desired relative density of the soil after compaction, and
(c) Required depth of compaction

Estimation of pile capacity

The ultimate load-carrying of a pile is given by a simple equation as the sum of the load carried at the pile point plus
the total frictional resistance (skin friction) derived from the soil-pile interface

Qu = Qp + Qs
Method 1- Static Formula

Structural capacity of piles


The working load on the pile should not exceed its structural capacity
Qst = (0.25fck) Ac
Where
fck = cube strength of concrete
Ac = area of cross section of concrete pile

the load carrying capacity of precast pile of size 500X500 with chamfer 25mm at corner, the length of pile is
15m

Total
bearing capacity

Qu = Qb + Qs = 273 + 145 = 418 tons


Qallowable = Negative skin friction
= 20 = 147 tons

Method 2- Meyerhofs formula

Calculation of pile capacity from Meyerhofs Formula

Meyerhofs formula for concrete piles


Friction in sand = N / 5 (in t/m2 )
Friction in clay = N/2 (in t/m2 )
End bearing in sand = 40 N (in t/m2 ) for > 10
where
N = average SPT on the region of the shaft

Calculate the total capacity


Qu = Qb + Qs = 370 + 96 = 466 tons
Qallowable = - 20 = 166 tons

Load carrying capacity of piles by dynamic formulae

Dynamic formulae explains the use of pile driving to estimate ultimate capacity of piles
dynamic formulae are normally applicable only for point bearing piles in cohesion less soils

Hiley Formula for End Bearing Piles


The modified Hiley formula may be considered more appropriate when the pile derives its capacity mainly
from end bearing
The resistance offered to the final penetration of the pile is used to estimate the ultimate capacity
Calculation of final set By Hileys formula
The pile has to be driven by the specified hammer and fall to a set of 9.5 mm for 10 blows

Estimation of bearing capacity of group piles

Minimum Spacing of piles:


IS 2911 Part I Sec. 2 (1979) Clause 5.6 gives the spacing of piles to be adopted in practice in terms of d, the
diameter of pile.
Bearing piles (general)

2.5d

Bearing piles on rock

2.0d

Friction piles

3.0d

Estimation of Group bearing capacity


IS 2911 recommends
Case 1: Pile cap above ground level. The capacity of pile is lesser of following
Group capacity as the capacity of a single pile multiplied by the number of piles. (This is true mostly for
bearing piles only.)
For friction piles in soft clay, the group capacity will be the frictional capacity along the perimeter of the
column of soil enclosed by the pile together with the end bearing of the above column of soil
Case 2: Presence of weak clay layer under the bearing stratum. The strength of the foundation at the base with
a spread of 60o at 2/3L (where L is the length of the pile) in the case of piles in clay and at the end of piles in
case of sand

THANK YOU

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