Evaluation Methods of

Spatial Planning:
Overlay/Rating
Methods
Dr. Doni Prakasa E. Putra

Multi Criteria Evaluation

Multi Criteria Analysis

Multi Criteria Evaluation (MCE)
Multi Criteria Preference Analysis
Multi Criteria Decision Making
Multi Objective Evaluation
These methods are essentially one and the
same!
MCE = Multi-criteria evaluation is
primarily concerned with how to combine
the information from several criteria to
form a single index of evaluation

Background
Early methods (pre computers):
Ian McHarg (1969) Design with Nature
Used for suitability analysis
Tracing paper overlays
Limited to simple Boolean analysis: AND, OR, NOT

Maps as a Planning Tool

Computers have aided planners

Information required by planners is voluminous
Computers have played an increasing role for
planners to manipulate large volumes of
quantitative information
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
allow planners to manipulate the data to see
and use what data is useful to a planning task
while minimize, or obscuring, unimportant data
GIS can allow a planner to see distinct layers
of information that are important to the
decision making process

Evaluation Method

Post computers: Basic GIS

Approaches
Polygon overlay (Boolean logic)

Digitized maps can represent data

a composite map for land-use planning

The Basics

Principles of MCE
Methodology:
1. Determine criteria
(factors/constraints) to be included
2. Determining the weights for each
factor
3. Sensitivity analysis of results

1 Step: Determine the

criteria to be included
st

Criteria determine the alternatives

1.Oversimplification of the decision problem could lead to too
few criteria being used
2.Using a large number of criteria reduces the influence of any
one criteria
3.Often proxies must be used since the criteria of interest may
not be determinable

PROXY
An application that acts as an intermediary for
requests from clients seeking resources from
others.

Example: Case study of a suitable

dam and reservoir site
Criteria used:

River
Urban
Forest
Accumulated water flow
Existing reservoir
Watershed boundary
City
Hydraulic head
Undulation

Determine the weights

A decision is the result of a comparison of one
or more alternatives with respect to one or more
criteria that we consider relevant for the task at
hand.
Among the relevant criteria we consider some as
more important and some as less important;
this is equivalent to assigning weights to the
criterion according to their relative importance.

2nd stage, assigning weights

Weights assigned using the

Rank Order method

Sensitivity analysis
sensitivity analysis: vary the scores/weights of the factors to
determine the sensitivity of the solution to minor changes

Choice of criteria (e.g. why included?)

Assesses the reliability of data: how stable is the final result?

Choice for weighting factors is subjective
Will the overall solution change if you use other weighing
factors?

CASE STUDY 1: Ranking/Rating Methods

Selecting Relocation of Land Use in Hot Mud

Disaster Area by Applying Geo-Environmental
Evaluation
Case Study: Sidoarjo, East Java, Indonesia

29 May
2006
Blow up an eruption
of hot mud, 150 m
from Banjar Panji 1
well (BJP-1), an oil
exploration of PT.
Lapindo Brantas

Location of the Study Area

ACTIVE MUD VOLCANO
(Bledug Kuwu,PURWODADI)

TUBAN

BANGKALAN

GRESIK
G. ANYAR
MOJOKERTO
SANGIRAN

K. ANYAR
PORONG

Objectives
Potential geo-hazard in this disaster area,
comes from
(1) the mud overflows
(2) the poisonous gases
(3) subsidence following the mud intrusion
phenomena.
relocation of the land uses and supporting
infrastructures are become important to support
the human survivability and environmental
sustainability in this disaster area

Methodology
Evaluation

of Geo-environmental Factors to
Define the suitable places for relocation area

Geo-Environmental

Factors
1. Geology incl. engineering properties
2. Hydrogeology
3. Geohazards

Overlay method (rating method)

Geology of The Study

Area

Engineering Geology
The homogeniety
Map
condition used to
B

divide the Eng.

Geology units are
the characteristic of
the subsurface
lithologies,
geological
discontinuity,
vertical
displacement
/subsidence, and
depth to
groundwater.

Hydrogeology Depth to
Groundwater

Hydrogeology Groundwater
salinity

hot mud overflows

hazard

Hazard of poisonous
gases

Hazard of subsidence
Hazard of
subsidence

Evaluation

Result

Conclusion

Based
on
suitability
map
of
relocation area, it is reasonable if
the high risk infrastructures (railway
and primary roads) affected by the
hot mud blast should be relocate to
the west-part of the study area.

Thank you for your

attention