105 175 1 Assssggnment

Ablation of PICA-like Materials
Surface or Volume phenomenon?

Jean Lachaud*, Ioana Cozmutax, and Nagi N. Mansour+
NASA Ames Research Center : Nagi.N.Mansour@nasa.gov
* NASA Postdoctoral Fellow at Ames : Jean.Lachaud@gadz.org
x
ELORET Corporation : Ioana.Cozmuta@nasa.gov
+
Sponsored by NASAs Fundamental Aerodynamic Hypersonic Program
Lunar return : CEV with a PICA TPS
Stardust (PICA TPS)
IPPW6, Atlanta,
th
PICA-like materials : Surface or Volume ablation ?
June 2008 6 International Planetary Probe Workshop, Atlanta, June 2008
1/25
. Introduction and Objective

The time to study and fully understand the limits of PICA is NOW
B. Laub and E. Venkatapathy, IPPW5, 2007.
Introduction :
The ablation of the char layer in ablative material is usually described in term of
recession velocity. This surface description is valid for dense materials.
However, the recession of the average surface in porous materials may not recede
uniformly but matrix and fibers may progressively vanish in depth inside the
structure : volume ablation.
PICA-like materials are porous and may undergo volume ablation with two
important consequences :
The material weakens in volume and is possibly subject to mechanical erosion
(Spallation)
The ablation enthalpy distributed in volume modifies the thermal response
Objectives of this presentation:

Model and understand ablation using a porous medium model
Estimate whether volume ablation is an important phenomenon or not
Decide if an elaborated model taking into account a volume ablation fully coupled
with pyrolysis have to be developed (many years of development). If it is the case, a
first model will be presented.
IPPW6, Atlanta,
June 2008
2/25
. OUTLINE
1. Modeling of the structure of PICA-like materials

2. Modeling of the Ablation of porous materials
- Microscopic model
- Numerical Simulation at microscopic scale
- Homogenization macroscopic behavior
3. Application to Stardust Reentry Conditions
- Macroscopic model including blowing effects
- Volume or Surface Ablation?
4. Possible ablation model for a volumetric coupling with Pyrolysis
5. Conclusion & Next steps
IPPW6, Atlanta,
June 2008
3/25

Structure of PICA-like materials
Preform :
Random arrangement of carbon fibers
High porosity
Matrix :
Phenolic resin
Low mass fraction
Material type :
Ablator
Low density
char
transition
M. Stackpoole et al., AIAA 2008-1202 (Reno 2008)
IPPW6, Atlanta,
June 2008
4/25

Fibrous preform : fiber size / orientation / porosity (statistical)
Random drawing of non-overlapping cylinders (Monte-Carlo algorithm)

Cylinders more or less parallel to the surface (Bias on azimuthal angle)
Choice of a Length/Radius ratio (around 50 for PICA-like materials)
Totally Random
Complementary Azimutal angle : +/- 15
Interesting result : limit porosity = 0.85 for totally random structures / 0.9 for parallel
IPPW6, Atlanta,
June 2008
5/25

Matrix
Before pyrolysis : different possibilities

Thin layer of matrix surrounding the fibers
Fluffy matrix occupying the pores of the fibrous structure
After pyrolysis : matrix structure is modified
Due to an important mass loss during pyrolysis
Resulting structure varies with experimental conditions
Models :
Thin matrix layer around the fibers
IPPW6, Atlanta,
June 2008
Virgin fluffy matrix homogeneous at fiber scale
6/25
2. Ablation model for porous media

Objective and assumptions
Objective :
Estimate whether volume ablation is an important phenomenon or not
using a simple model
In order to decide if an elaborated model taking into account a volume
ablation fully coupled with pyrolysis have to be developed
Main Hypothesis :
If volume ablation occurs, it occurs mainly in the char layer
Ablation model loosely coupled with pyrolysis
Approach :
Multiscale modeling: microscopic scale (fibers) macroscopic scale
(composite)
Numerical models to provide guidelines and accurate results
Simplified analytical models to provide understanding
Application of the models to flight conditions (includes a loosely coupling
with pyrolysis)
IPPW6, Atlanta,
June 2008
7/25

Reaction/Transport & Recession model in a carbon felt
Idea : Use a simplified model to try and understand the Ablation of porous media
Hypotheses :
Simplified structure : carbon fibers randomly oriented
Simple chemistry (Cs oxidized by 02 or sublimated)
Starting point : differential recession of a
heterogeneous surface S by gasification
S
v.S 0
t
v J n
J kf C
Vertical mass
transfer of
oxygen
CO2(x,y,z=0,t)=Co
RS
E
FIB
v
CO2(x,y,z,t)
C
( D C ) v g
C 0
t
N.B. : oxidation notations BUT sublimation is mathematically equivalent
IPPW6, Atlanta,
June 2008
8/25

Reaction/Diffusion : Simulation (1/2) : diffusion << reaction (D/L << kf)
Oxygen
diffusion
ce
a
f
r
Su
Periodic
cell in x,y
Hypotheses:
-Isothermal
-No pyrolysis gas
IPPW6, Atlanta,
June 2008
Bottom
Simulation
tool
9/25

Reaction/Diffusion : Simulation (2/2) : diffusion >> reaction (D/L >> kf)
Oxygen
diffusion
ce
a
f
r
Su
Periodic
cell in x,y
Hypotheses:
-Isothermal
-No pyrolysis gas
IPPW6, Atlanta,
June 2008
Bottom
10/25

Surface or Volume ? depends on experimental conditions
Surface Ablation (D/L << kf )
IPPW6, Atlanta,
June 2008
Volume Ablation (D/L >> kf )
11/25

Homogenization and Analytical solution (hyp. : no recession)
Volume or surface? Key information : C, oxidant concentration

1D model to obtain an analytical solution : C (z) = f (experimental conditions)
Mass balance in steady state :
qz ( z ) qz ( z dz ) q y ( z )
D(C ( z ) C ( z dz )) S p k f C ( z ) Pf dz
C ( z ) C0
cosh ( z / Ls 1)
cosh
Sp /Pf = /s
s (m2/m3) : specific surface

Hyp., bulk diffusion
Ls
Thiele number :
between perpendicular
Deff
fibers: Deff D
sk f
IPPW6, Atlanta,
June 2008
BUT
12/25
2. Volume Ablation model

Validity domain of the continuous regime hypothesis
Knudsen number : Kn / d p
(continuous regime for Kn < 0.02)
Pore size around 50m Knudsen regime for mean free path < 1m
Air : 95 10
105 T
298 P
Stardust peak heating (Kn=0.08)

Reentry conditions :
Knudsen regime inside
the porous medium
Model still correct in

Knudsen regime?
IPPW6, Atlanta,
June 2008
13/25

Model still correct in Kn regime but with a modified diffusion coefficient
Knudsen effects : Diffusion coefficient in a capillary (Bosanquet model)
1
1
1
Dref DB DK
1 v
3
1
1 vd
3
p
(harmonic average)
Fibers randomly oriented : tortuosity effects non negligible in Kn regime
Deff Dref
:1
IPPW6, Atlanta,
June 2008
Tortuosity has to be obtained by Monte Carlo simulation

inside the porous media (not available yet in the literature for
non-overlapping fibers)
14/25

Determination of the effective diffusion coefficient Deff
Monte Carlo Simulation :

1) Displacement of 10000 walkers
Random Walk rules :
followed during (chosen for convergence)
(T,P) fixed = (,D) fixed
: Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution
2) Einstein relation on diffusion process :
constant velocity norm
j2
(D = 1/3 v ) with 3D random
De j
2
direction drawing
Tortuosity as a function of Kn for the fibrous material of this study
Illustration : path of a walker

in a periodic cell
IPPW6, Atlanta,
June 2008
15/25

Parametrical analysis
Concentration gradient (1D model) as a function of Thiele number
C ( z ) C0
cosh ( z / Ls 1)
Thiele number
Ls
Deff
cosh
Vol
um
eA
bla
tion
Su
rf
z/Ls
IPPW6, Atlanta,
June 2008
ace
Ab
lati
on
sk f
Ls: material depth (m)
Deff: effective diffusivity (m/s)
kf: fiber reactivity (m/s)
s : specific surface (m2/m3)
Consumption / diffusion velocities

for porous media
16/25

Model must include blowing effect (pyrolysis gas)
Steady state equation including the convective term (continuous regime)
C 1 C
1
2 C0
z LC z LR
with
D
and LR
LC
vg
Deff
sk f
Solution (of the quadratic ODE with one Dirichlet B.C. : C(z=0)=C 0)
L
z
C ( z ) C0 exp 1 1/ 4 C
LC
LR

LC 10 LR
Blowing effect negligible (on concentration gradient)
Example : Stardust peak heating
LC / LR 0.145
IPPW6, Atlanta,
June 2008
Blowing effect almost negligible
17/25

Stardust Peak Heating (stagnation point)
model including blowing effects + thermal gradients (data from FIAT

simulations) : Concentration in the char layer (FE solution: FlexPDE code)
k f 100
* exp(computed
E A / RT )
Diffusion
coefficient
Temperature
gradient
imposed
IPPW6, Atlanta,
June 2008
Volume Ablation
0.5 mm = 50 fiber
diameters
Char layer bottom
surface
Normalized concentration
S. Drawin et al., AIAA 92-210
18/25

Stardust trajectory (stagnation point)
C/C0
z (m)
0,0045
0,004
0,0035
0,003
0,6
0,0025
0,002
Depth
Normalized concentration
0,8
0,4
< 10 % C0
> 10 % C0
0,2
0,0015
0,001
C(z=Ls)/Cw
Ls
0,0005
z: C(z)=10%Cw
0
0
0
IPPW6, Atlanta,
June 2008
20
40
Peak 60
Heating
time (s)
80
100
120Post flight
analysis
19/25
4. Volume coupling of Pyrolysis & Ablation

Integration of ablation in the pyrolysis model : first ideas
Mass balance
g
m m f f
r
( g vg )
t
t
t
m f 0
Momentum balance
K
r
vg p
Energy balance
f f
m m
T
r
( g cg f f c f m m cm )
(k
T ) g cg vg
T hp
habl
t
t
t
Pyrolysis law
m v
n _ laws
i 1
( v ,i p ,i )i
E Ai
i
ni
with
1 i Ai exp
t
RT
Ablation law (fibers)
f const.
IPPW6, Atlanta,
June 2008
f
t
?
20/25

Multiscale modeling of the ablation of the carbon felt
Ablation : surface phenomenon at microscopic scale, but volumetric at

macroscopic scale
Local approach
Mean fiber diameter evolution
d f ( z, t )
t
Ablation flux
s 2k f (T )C ( z , t )
rf
Homogenization : fiber diameter mean porosity
d f ( z, t )
( z, t ) 1 (1 0 )
d f _0
Convenient variable for ablation modeling :
C ( z, t )
4 k f (T) C(z,t)
0.5
div( Deff (T , P ) grad (C ( z , t )))
(1
(
z
,
t
))(1
)
0
t
d f_0
Density :
material (1 ) f
IPPW6, Atlanta,
June 2008
21/25

Illustration of the proposed Ablation law for Stardust Peak Heating thermal conditions
Simulation of the oxidation part of ablation (loosely coupled with pyrolysis) in the carbon felt
IPPW6, Atlanta,
June 2008
22/25

Stardust conditions : pure oxidation from 90s (T<Tsublim) to 130s (T>Toxi)
Simulated in the carbon felt
IPPW6, Atlanta,
June 2008
23/25
. Material Behavior Analysis (cont.)

Literature : Stardust Post-flight Analysis
Overall behavior well predicted by current models (FIAT simulation

presented below)
BUT : char zone density overestimated
Volume ablation could
be the cause of the lower
density observed
The fluffy matrix of
PICA is likely to play an
important role into
volume ablation
prevention
M. Stackpoole et al., AIAA 2008-1202 (Reno 2008)
IPPW6, Atlanta,
June 2008
24/25
. Conclusion / Next steps
Porous media model for the ablation of fibrous materials

Importance of Thiele Number (diffusion/reaction competition in porous media)
Knudsen regime inside the porous media
Volume / Surface phenomenon? depends on experimental conditions
Stardust conditions:
Low effect of blowing on mass transfer inside the porous media
ablation by oxidation in volume for a carbon felt
Idea for volume coupling of pyrolysis and ablation at macroscopic scale
Next steps :
Modeling
Improve material structure description
Sublimation
In depth equilibrium chemistry
Spallation model (more basic : density threshold)
Same approach for heat transfer in porous media (conduction, convection,
radiation)
Specific experiments to validate the porous media model and the future pyrolysisablation coupled model
IPPW6, Atlanta,
June 2008
25/25
ANNEXES
IPPW6, Atlanta,
June 2008
26/25
. Simulation tool : AMA

Brownian Motion simulation technique / Marching Cube front tracking
Efficient, Robust, No matrix inversion
IPPW6, Atlanta,
June 2008
Original features:
- Sensory Brownian Motion :
automatic refinement close to the
wall (cf. mesh refinement for
Eulerian methods)
- Sticking probability adapted to
Brownian Motion (to simulate first
order heterogeneous reactions)
27/25
3 kinds of Experiments
Validation
Physico-chemistry
Microstructure
Improvement & Validation of the models

Device
Measured data
Dimension
& scale
Time scale
Difficulty
Interest
Other
comments
SEM*
(Scanning
Electron
Microscopy)
Architecture
(intuitive)
resolution: 100 nm
2D surface
micro to
macro
1 month
Image
analysis
Help into
architecture
modeling at
all scales
Relatively low
cost for fast
preliminary
results
TOMO**
(X-ray
scanning
microtomography)
Architecture
(accurate)
resolution :
1m
3D
micro
1+ year
- prepare
samples
- image
segmentation
Enable an
accurate
direct
numerical
simulation
Key results
-> master or
PhD student
in Bordeaux?
+10kEuros
TGA**
(Thermo
Gravimetric
Analysis)
+ mass
spectrometer
Chemistry
Pyrolysis gas analysis
Carbon fibers reactivity to
these gas
1D
micro
1+ year
- data
analysis
Understandin
g of
heterogeneo
us and
homogeneou
s chemistry
- No rush
- Data from
1970
- Useful
again for
porous TPS
Short ramp
IR tests*
0-2500K
Effective conductivity
k=f(T)
3D
macro
6 month
-thermocoupl
e position
-data analysis
Useful for
radiation
analysis
Needed
ASAP
Long steady
state
IR tests**
(+ tangential
blowing)
Thermal gradient
Density profile
Recession
3D micro
2D ortho
macro
1-2 years
-thermocouple position
-quantify
spallation= f(
shear stress)
Ablation/pyro
lysis coupling
Spallation
Model
validation
Parametrical
study on
blowing and
grad(T)
Plasma
tests**
idem
3D micro
2D ortho
macro
2-3 years
-test
conditions
-data analysis
Global validation
fluid + mater
Parametrical
study on P,
T, v
* : to
be done in priority with available funding / ** : to plan now and begin in 1 year
IPPW6,
Atlanta,
June 2008
28/25
ANNEXE. Ablation model for porous media

The effective reactivity of the porous media is not intrinsic
Effective reactivity = reactivity of a flat and homogeneous material (cf graphite) that would
lead to the same ablation rate under similar entry conditions
Surface
ablation
(D~1/P)
T 2500K
x3
Volume
ablation
IPPW6, Atlanta,
June 2008
29/25

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Ablation of PICA-like Materials

Surface or Volume phenomenon?

Sponsored by NASAs Fundamental Aerodynamic Hypersonic Program

Lunar return : CEV with a PICA TPS

Stardust (PICA TPS)

. Introduction and Objective

Objectives of this presentation:

PICA-like materials : Surface or Volume ablation ?

1. Modeling of the structure of PICA-like materials

PICA-like materials : Surface or Volume ablation ?

1. Modeling of the structure of PICA-like materials

M. Stackpoole et al., AIAA 2008-1202 (Reno 2008)

PICA-like materials : Surface or Volume ablation ?

1. Modeling of the structure of PICA-like materials

Random drawing of non-overlapping cylinders (Monte-Carlo algorithm)

Complementary Azimutal angle : +/- 15

PICA-like materials : Surface or Volume ablation ?

1. Modeling of the structure of PICA-like materials

Before pyrolysis : different possibilities

Thin matrix layer around the fibers

Virgin fluffy matrix homogeneous at fiber scale

PICA-like materials : Surface or Volume ablation ?

2. Ablation model for porous media

PICA-like materials : Surface or Volume ablation ?

2. Ablation model for porous media

N.B. : oxidation notations BUT sublimation is mathematically equivalent

PICA-like materials : Surface or Volume ablation ?

2. Ablation model for porous media

2. Ablation model for porous media

2. Ablation model for porous media

Volume Ablation (D/L >> kf )

PICA-like materials : Surface or Volume ablation ?

2. Ablation model for porous media

Volume or surface? Key information : C, oxidant concentration

Mass balance in steady state :

s (m2/m3) : specific surface

PICA-like materials : Surface or Volume ablation ?

2. Volume Ablation model

Stardust peak heating (Kn=0.08)

Model still correct in

PICA-like materials : Surface or Volume ablation ?

2. Ablation model for porous media

Knudsen effects : Diffusion coefficient in a capillary (Bosanquet model)

Fibers randomly oriented : tortuosity effects non negligible in Kn regime

Tortuosity has to be obtained by Monte Carlo simulation

PICA-like materials : Surface or Volume ablation ?

2. Ablation model for porous media

Monte Carlo Simulation :

Illustration : path of a walker

PICA-like materials : Surface or Volume ablation ?

2. Ablation model for porous media

Concentration gradient (1D model) as a function of Thiele number

Consumption / diffusion velocities

PICA-like materials : Surface or Volume ablation ?

3. Application to Stardust Reentry Conditions

Steady state equation including the convective term (continuous regime)

Blowing effect negligible (on concentration gradient)

Example : Stardust peak heating

Blowing effect almost negligible

PICA-like materials : Surface or Volume ablation ?

3. Application to Stardust Reentry Conditions

model including blowing effects + thermal gradients (data from FIAT

Char layer bottom