Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Learning by Listening
Self Learning
Learning by Doing
Chapter Outlines
Introduction
Who use GIS? & what can we do with
GIS
How does GIS work?
Geography database & types of data
Features of GIS
Summary
Constructed World
Self-Regulating
Managed
Managing Places
Patterns
Linkages
Trends
Watersheds
Communities
Neighborhoods
Districts
What is GIS?
What is a GIS?
GISs are simultaneously
the telescope, the
A GIS can:
create, edit, query, analyze, and display
map information on the computer
Geographic primitive
G = f(x, y, z, t, F)
Information Systems
Dueker (ctd)
GIS as an industry
Source: http://www.spatial.maine.edu/ucgis/testproc/hartung/hartung.html
Definition 4: GIS is a
multi-billion dollar business.
Definition 5:
GIS plays a role in society.
Nick Chrisman (1999) has defined
GIS as organized activity by which
people measure and represent
geographic phenomena, and then
transform these representations
into other forms while interacting
with social structures.
Who
uses
GIS?
International organizations
Private industry
Government
Ministries of Environment, Housing, Agriculture, home
affairs etc.
Local Authorities, Cities, Municipalities, etc.
Agencies for Planning, Parks, Transportation, etc.
Non-profit organizations/NGOs
World Resources Institute, ICIMOD, etc.
Quantity
5
1
6
2
3
Description
Wheel spoke
Ball bearing
Wheel rim
Tire
Handlebars
Type
Robbery
Burglary
Assault
Breaking and Entering
Drunk and Disorderly
Map Overlay
LINE
AREA
Figure1.2TheFeatureModel:Examplesofapointfeature(38footelevationbenchmark),alinefea
ture(road,contours)andareafeatures(reservoir,vegetation).
Geography and
A GIS stores information about the world as a
Databases
collection of thematic layers that can be
linked together by geography
Polygon
3 Scrub
17 Very high
Clay
Vectors
Dimensions
Topology
Roads
Land Parcels
Population
Utilities
Land Mines
Hospitals
Refugee Camps
Wells
Sanitation
107
Surveys
ABC
Networks
Images
27 Main St.
3D Objects
Addresses
Annotation
CAD
Drawings
Attributes
Terrain
Development of GIS
Computer Science
CAD/CAM
Earth Science
Geography
Military Studies
Cartography
GIS
Remote Sensing
Spatial Mathematics
Urban Planning
Civil Engineering
Components of GIS
GIS
USERS
SOFTWARE
TOOLS
ABSTRACTION
OR
SIMPLIFICATION
DATABASE
RESULTS
Geospatial solutions
GIS Law
Geoworld
GPS World
Mapping awareness/Mapping awareness and
GIS in Europe/Asia/Africa
Proceedings of Conferences
Professional Organizations
WWW Resources:
USGS
http://www.geoplace.com
http://www.giscafe.com
http://www.gis.com
http://www.geographynetwork.com
http://www.census.gov/geo/www/faq-index.html
http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk/home/giswww.html
http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/EART/abbrev.html
Next Topic:
Geographic data
Vector
Raster
Vector
Real World
Data Representation
Vector Representation
Original map
Y Coordinate
21
Vector representation
22
11
X Coordinate
Raster Representation
Row
Column
Cell Size
Resolution
Buildings
Road
River
RASTER MODEL
Y
ROW
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
Cell Size
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
Resolution
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
61
62
File Coordinate
Starting Row, Column
Geographic Coordinate
COLUMN
(0,0)
VECTOR MODEL
Advantages
-
Disadvantages
Disadvantages
Vector
Handling
Vector Input
Vector Data
Raster Data
Raster
Display
Vector Output
1. Computer Cartography
2. Photogrammetry
3. Existing Data
Vector
Display
Raster
Handling
Spatial
Analysis
Vector-Raster
Conversion
Raster Input
Raster Output
Spatial Analysis
1.
2.
3.
4.
Remote Sensing
GPS
Scanner
Existing Data
Reports
Tabular Data
Maps
Database Management
Field Data
Collection Input
and Correction
Storage and
Retrieval
Manipulation
and Analysis
Data from
Other Digital
Database
Remote
Sensing
Global
Positioning
System
Output and
Reporting
Photographic
Products
Statistics
Other Geographic
Information Systems
External Statistical
Packages
Data to Other
Digital
Database
Data Input
to Models
Other features of a
GIS