Energy

Two types:
a)Non-conventional
b)Conventional
a)Non-Conventional Sources; are available free of
cost,
Pollution-free, inexhaustible
Eg- geothermal, wave power, wind, tidal, solar,
MHD(megneto hydro dynamic) generation.
b) Conventional Sources of Energy
Hydropower, steam power ,nuclear , gas plant

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Milan Subedi / DoEE

Solar Energy
Solar cell:
History
Chapin and coworkers experimented the conversion
efficiency of Silicon in the mono-crystalline form of s/c
to be about 6%.
After this researches were taking place to improve the
efficiency of the solar cell.
Finally in 1958,the efficiency of the solar cell reached
to be 14 %.

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Milan Subedi / DoEE

Solar
Radiation
The sun in one hour gives almost the total same energy that the

earth requires for one year.

i. e in one hour, the sun gives us 5000 times more than the total
production of energy on earth from all sources.
This is due to the nuclear reaction from hydrogen to helium,
E=mc2,where m is the differences between masses of two

gases.
Due to this reaction, the sun behaves like a perfect black
body and the surface temperature of the sun is about 6000 K.
The solar energy that reaches the earths atmosphere is 1367
W/m2 called solar constant.
But, due to variation in distance btn earth and sun over a
year, this constant varies by 3.35%
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Milan Subedi / DoEE

The maximum radiations occurs on January 3

(1400W/m2),the minimum is on July 6 (1310 W/m2.).

Factors affecting the sun radiation

a) Length of the path transvered by it
b) The composition of the atmosphere-water content,
dust and smoke, ozone content, depth of cloud
cover, reflection from ground

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Milan Subedi / DoEE

 Direct solar radiation-the solar radiation that

passes through directly to the earths surface

Diffuse solar radiation-the radiation that has
been scattered out of the direct beam
Global solar radiation-the radiation formed by
combination of above two
The global radiation falling on the tilted
surface is called the total radiation.
output of the pv or photo thermal system
depends on amount of energy falling in
collector.
The greater the energy received, greater is the
output.

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Milan Subedi / DoEE

Solar Irradiance-amount of solar power

striking a given area, unit is W/m2 or KW/m2

Insolation (Incident Solar Radiation)- amount
of solar energy received on the unit area over
time ,unit is KWhr/m2.

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Milan Subedi / DoEE

 So in winter the collector must be tilted at least 15

more than the latitudes of the site.

However, in PV systems the panel must receive

maximum power throughout the year.

For this, the PV array must be palace at an angle
equal to he latitude of the place.
Practically,0.9*latitude angle gives a better result.

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Milan Subedi / DoEE

Measure Solar Radiation

mostly thermopile is used as the sensing element for
radiation measurement
Thermopile consists of large no. of series or parallel
thermocouples to increase the o/p voltage per degree
centigrade thus, increasing the sensitivity of the instrument.
The absorption of thermal radiation by one of the
thermocouple junctions, called active or hot junctions which
increases its temperature.
The differential tempr between hot and ref. junction kept at a
fixed temperature produces
an electromotive force
difference in tempr created.
Also called thermoelectric effect ,see-beck, peltier, thomson
effect.
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Milan Subedi / DoEE

Introduction
SPV cells are connected in series and parallel to form

SPV modules.
SPV modules ,after optimal combination form a solar
array.Thats why, solar cells are the basic units of the
SPV array and generate electricity when illuminated.
The o/p of the solar cell varies with operating conditions
like wind speed, tempr, solar radiation, etc.
Mostly use is Silicon solar cell.
First Generation Solar cell Technology-Crystalline silicon
solar cell,20-24% efficient, covers 85-90% market
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Milan Subedi / DoEE

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Milan Subedi / DoEE

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Generally, one crystalline Si solar cell generates

about 0.5 V, thus 36 cells are connected in series to
form the solar module i.e. 18 V to charge standard
12 V batteries.
Second generation solar cell technology is
amorphous Si solar cell. The solar modules have
comparatively lesser efficiency (5-10 %) and have
lower manufacturing costs.

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Milan Subedi / DoEE

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Cost:
Generally the solar PV modules cost about NRs

120 per Watt.

Battery costs at least 1Ah/Rs 100 .
Battery sizes available in market in (Ahr)
20,45,60,72,80,100,120,150,200
http://lasersunenergy.com/index.php?page=sh
ow_product&id=PRD112E0B8B

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Milan Subedi / DoEE

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Battery
Generally, lead acid batteries are used.
The life of battery is about 5 years.
So, to make the SPV system most efficient, its

necessary to extend the battery life to 10 years or

more.
But ,now-a-days, gel type batteries are also in
use. These are maintenance free, have the life
about 8-10 years.
There is requirement of charge controller to
avoid

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Milan Subedi / DoEE

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Types of SPV Systems

a) Stand-alone SPV systems/Off-grid systems used in areas away from grid electricity.
May be designed with or without batteries.
Used in applications like solar lanterns, solar
home and solar-street lighting systems, solar
pumping,etc
b) Grid Interactive Systems
Are tied-up to the grid, the electricity demand of
the load is primarily fed by solar array.
The excess power is fed to the grid.
May be used in schools ,hospitals, etc
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c) SPV Hybrid Systems

Involves two or more power sources like solar PV,
diesel generator, wind generator, grid, etc
All are best suitably combined and optimally used.

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Milan Subedi / DoEE

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Wind Energy
Nepalese Context
Jomsom -20 KW
Hurhure Dhada-5KW*2 wind turbine+2KW local grid,
distributed generation ,for 50 HH, max wind speed -8
km/hr
Researches have taken place in different parts of Nepal

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Continuing concerns about the sustainability of both

fossil and nuclear fuel use have been a major catalyst

of renewed interest in the renewable energy sources in
recent decades. Ideally, a sustainable energy source is
one that:
is not substantially depleted by continued use.
does not entail significant pollutant emissions or other
environmental problems.
does not involve the perpetuation of substantial health
hazards or social injustices.

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Output of the turbine:

10KW to 100 KW-Tower height 20-30 m

300 KW to 500 KW-Tower height 35-40 m
(Source:D kasta,page 50)
Normally: Tower height is about 1 to 1.5 times the rotor
diameter , but the least height is 20 m.
(Source: Wind Energy Explianed:page6)

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Milan Subedi / DoEE

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