DAT 2023:

STRENGTH OF
MATERIALS
TOPIC 1: STRESS & STRAIN
BY: PUAN NUR AINI SYAKIMAH BINTI
AHMAD SHUYUTI

CONTENT

Introduction
Force
Support Reaction
Free Body Diagram
Equilibrium of a Rigid Body

INTRODUCTION
Mechanics of materials
A branch of mechanics
It studies the relationship of:
External loads applied to a deformable
body, and
The intensity of internal forces acting
within the body
Are used to compute deformations of a
body
Study bodys stability when external forces
are applied to it

INTRODUCTION
Mechanics of materials
A branch of mechanics
It studies the relationship of:
External loads applied to a deformable
body, and
The intensity of internal forces acting
within the body
Are used to compute deformations of a
body
Study bodys stability when external forces
are applied to it

FORCE

Surface force
Concentrated
Distributed

External force
Internal force
Applied force
Reaction force

Support Reaction

Equilibrium of a Rigid
Body
Rigid body a body that does not deform
under the action of applied loads
Deformable body a body that deforms
under the action of applied loads
Equations of equilibrium

For equilibrium

balance of forces
balance of moments

Draw a free-body diagram to account for all

forces acting on the body
Apply the two equations to achieve
equilibrium state
F=0
MO = 0

Free Body Diagrams Notes

Key Terms
newton, N, unit of force in the mks system of units,
which is based on the metric system; it is the force
that produces an acceleration of 1 meter per
second per second when exerted on a mass of 1
kilogram. The newton is named for Sir Isaac
Newton.
mass, in physics, the quantity of matter in a body
regardless of its volume or of any forces acting on
it. The term should not be confused with weight,
which is the measure of the force of gravity acting
on a body.
weight, measure of the force of gravity on a body

Key Terms
What is a scalar?
A scalar is simply a number, a magnitude alone.
What is a force and how is it illustrated?
A force is usually shown as a vector, which includes
both magnitude and a direction.
What is a free-body diagram?
A free-body diagram illustrates the relative
magnitude and direction of all forces acting upon an
object. The object must be isolated and free of its
surroundings.

What does gravity have to do

with the weight of an object?

Weight (W) varies depending upon the location of the body in the
earth's gravitational field (or the gravitational field of some other
astronomical body). A given body will have the same mass on the
earth and on the moon, but its weight on the moon will be only about
16% of the weight as measured on the earth.
The acceleration of gravity on earth is approximately:
9.81 m/s in SI units and
32.2 ft/s in US Customary units.
To calculate the weight of an object you have to multiply its mass
times the acceleration of gravity.
W = m *

The Statue of Liberty has a mass of 225,000

kg. How much does she weigh?
To calculate the weight of an object you have
to multiply its mass times the acceleration
of gravity.

Write the formula:

W = m

Substitute known values:

W = (225,000 kg) * 9.81 m/s

Present solution with units: W = 2,200,000 N

Free-Body Diagram

This is a free-body diagram of the Statue of Liberty. She

is represented by a simple box. The forces acting on her
are labeled with a magnitude and the arrow shows
direction. Notice the surrounding objects are stripped
away and the forces acting on the object are shown.

496210 lb

496210 lb

Free-Body Diagram
W here represents the force of the weight of the
statue.

FW = 495,000 lb

N is the normal force, which represents the force

Liberty Island is pushing back up on the statue.
Normal: means perpendicular to, (ex. The walls to the
floor)
The force of the pedestal to the statue is normal to
the surface of the ground.
The island has a great resistance to compression. The
ground is exerting a force upward on the statue
perpendicular, or normal, to the surface.

FN = 495,000 lb

Free-Body Diagram
(Positive y-direction)
+y

Think of the diagram on an XY plane.

FW = -495,000 lb

If up is assumed to be the positive direction,

then N is positive and W is negative.

FN = 495,000 lb
+x
(Positive x-direction)

Free-Body Diagram
The first line of this calculation reads,
The sum of the Forces in the positive y direction is
W + N ( is the Greek symbol for sum )

(Positive y-direction)
+y
W =-495,000 lb

+ Fy = W + N
Fy = (-495,000 lb) + (+495,000 lb )
Fy = 0

The sum of the forces in the y is zero.

The forces acting on the object cancel each other out.

N = 495,000 lb
+x
(Positive x-direction)

Static Equilibrium Review

We know F = m * a, where a is acceleration.
If a = 0, then F = m * 0 = 0.
When F = 0, the object is not accelerating.
We we can then say that the forces acting on the object cancel
each other out and it is in a state of static equilibrium.

Force/Free Body Diagrams

Create a free body diagram (FBD) of the gorilla:
FN

Gorilla

FW
Free Body Diagram of the Sitting
Gorilla (The box represents the
gorilla, W = weight of the gorilla, N =
Normal force)

Sitting Gorilla

Force/Free Body Diagrams

Notice that the arrow heads of the weight and
normal force have changed as well as their
Previous
location.
F
W

FN

FN

FW

This is also an acceptable

diagram.
Sitting Gorilla

Force/Free Body Diagrams

Draw a FBD of the wooden swing:
Where are the
forces on the
swing?

FT1

FT2

Swing

FW

Free Body Diagram of the wooden swing (The

box represents the wooden swing, W = weight
of the swing and the parrot, T represents the
ropes that are in tension supporting the weight)
Parrot on wooden
swing hung by ropes

Force/Free Body Diagrams

Draw a FBD of bucket the bungee
jumper leaped from:
Where are the
forces on the
bucket?

FT

bucket

FW

Bungee jumping
from crane

Free Body Diagram of the bucket (T represents the

tensile force of the cable the bucket is suspended
from, and W is the weight of the diver and the
bucket)

Force/Free Body Diagrams

Draw a FBD of the ring at point C:
Where are the forces on the ring?
A

FTCA

FTCB

C
D

FTCD

Traffic Light
supported by cables

Free Body Diagram of the ring at

point C (T represents the force of the
cables that are in tension acting on
the ring)

Force/Free Body Diagrams

Draw a FBD of the traffic light:
A

B
C

Where are the

forces on the
light?

FTCD

Light

D
FW

Traffic Light
supported by cables

Free Body Diagram of the traffic light

(FTCD represents the force of the cables
acting on the light and FW is the weight
acting on the light)

Force/Free Body Diagrams

Draw a FBD of the pin at point A:
Where are the
forces on point A?

FTAC

FTAD

FTAB

FTAE

Free Body Diagram of pin A

E
D

Pin-Connected Pratt Through Truss

Bridge

(If you consider the third dimension, then

there is an additional force acting on point
A into the paper: The force of the beam
that connects the front of the bridge to the
back of the bridge.)

1.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF A
DEFORMABLE
BODY
Procedure for Analysis

Method of sections
1.
2.
3.
4.

25

Choose segment to analyze

Determine Support Reactions
Draw free-body diagram for whole body
Apply equations of equilibrium

1.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF A
DEFORMABLE
BODY
Procedure for analysis

Free-body diagram
1. Keep all external loadings in exact
locations before sectioning
2. Indicate unknown resultants, N, V, M,
and T at the section, normally at
centroid C of sectioned area
3. Coplanar system of forces only include
N, V, and M
4. Establish x, y, z coordinate axes with
origin at centroid
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1.2 EQUILIBRIUM OF A
DEFORMABLE
BODY
Procedure for analysis

Equations of equilibrium
1. Sum moments at section, about each
coordinate axes where resultants act
2. This will eliminate unknown forces N
and V, with direct solution for M (and T)
3. Resultant force with negative value
implies that assumed direction is
opposite to that shown on free-body
diagram
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