Preparation of nursing education in India,

Career Opportunities &

Continuing Nursing Education

INTRODUCTION

Florence Nightingale is credited with founding

modern nursing and creating the first
educational system for nurses.

Florence Nightingale stressed that nursing was

not a domestic, charitable service but a
respected
occupation
requiring
advanced
education. She opened a School of Nursing at St.
Thomas Hospital, London, in 1860 and
established basic principles for the school.

NURSING EDUCATION IN
INDIA

Nursing Council Act came to existence in 1948

to constitute a council of nurses who would safe
guard the quality of nursing education in the
country.
The mandate was to establish and maintain
uniform standards of nursing education.
Today, Indian nursing council is a statutory
body that regulates nursing education in the
country
through
prescription,
inspection,
examination, certification and maintaining its
stands for a uniform syllabus at each level of
nursing education.

LEVELS OF NURSING EDUCATION

IN INDIA
There are seven levels of nursing education in
India today,
Auxiliary Nursing and Midwifery (ANM) or Multi
Purpose Health Worker- Female (MPHW-F)
General Nursing and Midwifery (GNM)
Basic Bachelor of Nursing (B.Sc. Nursing)

Post Basic Bachelor of Nursing (P.B.B.Sc.

Nursing)
Masters in Nursing (M.Sc. Nursing)
Masters of Philosophy in Nursing (M.Phil)
Doctorate in Philosophy in Nursing (Ph.D)

O
R
INT

N
O
I
T
C
DU

GOAL
To assist

each employee to
improve performance in his
or her present position and
to acquire personal and
professional abilities that
maximizes the possibility
of career advancement.

STAFF DEVELOPMENT MODEL

DEFINITIONS

Continuing education
programme - It is any
extension of
opportunities for reading,
study and training to any
person and adult
following their
completion of or
withdrawal from full time
school and / or college
programmes.

Continuing
education in
nursing - It is a
planned activity directed
towards meeting the
learning needs of the
nurse following basic
nursing education,
exclusive of full time
formal post basic
education.

DEFINITIONS
Continuing

education is an educational
activity,
primarily designed to keep the
registered nurses abreast of their particular
field of interest and do not lead to any
formal advanced standing in the profession.
-Nursing Thesarus of the International Index

Continuing

education is all the learning

activities that occurs after an individual has
completed his basic education.
-Cooper

Forms of Continuing Nursing

Education

In-service
education

Extra mural
education

PRINCIPLES

Each educational activity should be developed with:

A learning goal (purpose) and explicit measureable
educational objective for the learner that are
appropriate for the target audience;
Gaps in knowledge, skills, practice identified based
on the needs assessment which the activity is
designed to be address

CRISIS AND NURSING INTERVENTION

Content congruent with the activitys learning

goal (purpose) and educational objectives
Teaching and learning strategies congruent with
the activitys objectives and content
Criteria for judging successful completion of an
activity that are consistent with the learning
goal (purpose), objectives, and teaching and
learning strategies
A method determined for verifying participation
in an activity.

PHILOSOPHY
It has been believed that the
system of higher education which
provides the basic preparation or
the members of a profession must
also provide opportunities for
practitioners to keep abreast of
advances in their field.

OBJECTIVES
Keep up to date with new concepts
and development in the health
field.
To increase their basis knowledge
and skills and develop positive
attitudes.
Develop
an ability to analyze
problems and to work with others.

 Meet

the challenge of changes

in technology
Maintain standards of health
care at acceptable level
Help in setting standards of
performance

 Motivate

staff for better patient

care
Meet new needs of the community
To assist the nursing educator in
increasing
the
teaching
effectiveness.
To develop leadership potential in
nurses

CHARACTERISTICS
It is given within and outside the organization
It is designed to meet the demands of the changing needs.
It covers: Extension courses
Post diploma
Post graduation courses
Field observation and experiences
Work shops
Seminars
other different educational activities outside the organization

Unified approach
Relationships with other systems
Comprehensiveness
Accessibility for women health workers
Integration with the management process
Analysis of needs as a basis for learning
continuity
Internally co-ordinated
Relevance in planning
Credibility & economic
Appropriateness in implementation

NEED OF CNE

To ensure safe & effective nursing care

To meet the needs of population& should
cater to the needs of service
Development of nurses by updating their
knowledge
For career advancement

 To

acquire specialized skills

It
provides
opportunity
for
professional growth
Development of nurses will occur
by updating their knowledge and
preparing them for specialization
for career advancement.

Nurses with research aptitude and preparation

are needed.
Nurse in administrative position need to
increase their understanding of administrative
process.
The demand for specialized nursing services is
increasing more rapidly.
Planned programmes are needed to increase
their competence as practitioners.

ELEMENTS
Learner
Teacher/Nurse

Educator
The faculty
administrator
Motivation of learner

Involvement in the
learning process
Organized learning
experiences
The needs of
society
Universalization
The leisure
Liberal education

PLANNING FOR CNE

1

Planning
formula

Steps in
planning

THE PLANNING FORMULA

WHY

WHAT

HOW

WHERE

PLANNING FORMULA

WHO

WHEN

Steps in planning CNE:

Establishing

goals compatible
with the purpose or mission of
the organization.
Deciding
upon
specific
objectives consistent with these
goals.
Determining
the course of
action required to meet the
specific objectives.

Assessing
the
available
resources
for
establishing the programme.
Establishing a workable budget, appropriate
for the programme.
Evaluating the results at stated intervals.
Reassessing he goals and updating the plan
periodically.

Roles of the Nurse

Applies adult learning principles when helping
nurses learn new skills or information
Uses
teaching techniques that empower
nursing staff
Sensitive to the learning deficits of the nursing
staff and creatively minimize these difficulties
Prepare
the
nurses
readily
regarding
knowledge and skill deficits.
Actively seeks out teaching opportunities for
nurses
Frequently assess learning needs of the nurses

Directed
towards
the
personal
and
professional growth of nurses and other
personnel while they are employed by A
health care agency.
Essential for the upliftment of professional as
well as administrative field.
Helps in updating the knowledge and practice
of professionals.

NURSING . . . MUCH THE SAME, BUT

BIGGER AND BETTER

CAREER OPPURTUNITIES
The proliferation of career
opportunities for nurses is
growing.

What is a Registered Nurse

(RN)?

RNs are professionals licensed by the state in

which they work.
RNs function as active members of the health
care team.
RNs provide and manage care for individuals
who are ill and their families.

What is an RN?

continued

RNs also work with healthy individuals and

families to educate them about wellness
and disease prevention.
RNs work with patients of all ages promoting
physical, mental and social well-being.
RNs use observation and assessment skills
to support nursing diagnoses
These nursing diagnoses help us to create a
plan of care for our patients

What kinds of career opportunities

are available?

There are a multitude of specialties to

choose
from including:
Medical/Surgical - Care for a variety of ill
or injured patients and patients who have
undergone surgery.
Critical Care - Care for critically ill or
injured patients of all ages.

Career opportunities continued

Labor and Delivery - Care for mothers
and babies before, during, and after
delivery.
Pediatrics - Care for ill or injured children.
Cardiac Care - Care for patients with
issues involving their hearts.
Geriatrics - Care for elderly ill or injured
patients.

Career opportunities continued

Neurology - Care for patients with illnesses or

injuries involving the nervous system.
Dermatology - Care for patients with skin
conditions.
Orthopedic - Care for patients with illnesses or
injuries to muscles and bones.
Same Day Surgery/Post Anesthesia Care Unit
Recovery Room - Care for patients immediately
before or after surgery.
O.R. - Care for patients in the operating room
during surgical procedures

Advanced education adds options

Clinical Nurse Specialist - Provides care
to patients with complex illnesses or
injuries and often responsible for the
continuing education of staff nurses.
Nurse Practitioner - Diagnoses and
treats a wide variety of patients.
Research - Involved with research studies
to increase the knowledge base of the
nursing profession.

Advanced education

continued

Nurse Midwives - Care for women during

pregnancy and deliver their babies.
Nursing Professor - Teaches nursing
students in nursing schools.
Nurse Anesthetist - Provides anesthesia
to patients during surgical and nonsurgical procedures.

Education

continued

Masters of Science in Nursing

Typically a two year course of study after

obtaining a BSN degree but there are some
direct entry Masters programs. MSN
programs are usually intensely focused on a
specialty area of study. Graduates of Masters
programs often function as Nurse
Practitioners, Clinical Nurse Specialists, Nurse
Midwives, Nurse Anesthetists, Nurse
Researchers or Nurse Administrators.

Professional Nursing Roles

Care

provider
Educator and counselor
Client advocate
Change agent
Leader and manager
Researcher
Coordinator of the
transdisciplinary health care team

Change Agent

When nurses first adopted the role of "change

agent," few individuals visualized to what extent
nurses would fulfill this role.
Nurses have expanded their role as change
agents in many ways.
The profession continues to identify client and
health care delivery problems;

Assess their motivation and capacity for change

Determine alternatives
Explore possible outcomes of the alternatives
Assess cost-effective resources in infinite healthrelated situations.

Leader and Manager

The leadership role of the professional nurse is
paramount to the health care system

Nursing leadership varies according to the level of

application and includes:

Improving the health status and potential of individuals

or families.
Increasing the effectiveness and level of satisfaction
among professional colleagues providing care
Managing multiple resources in a health care facility
Raising citizens' and legislators' attitudes toward and
expectations of the nursing profession and the health
care system

Leader and Manager

There is little doubt that the management role of the

nurse has become more important.

Nursing management includes planning; giving

direction; and monitoring and evaluating.

Nursing care of individuals, groups, families, and

communities.

Researcher
The

majority of researchers in
nursing are prepared at the
doctoral and postdoctoral levels,
an
increasing
number
of
clinicians with master's degrees
are beginning to participate in
research
as
part
of
their
advanced practice role.

Researcher

Nurses prepared at the baccalaureate and

associate degree levels are also participating
in research.
These nurses may be assisting with data
collection, critiquing research findings, and
using these findings in practice.
More nursing interventions are based on
nursing research than in the past.

Coordinator of the Transdisciplinary

Health Care Team
Transdisciplinary

teams
consist
of
collaborative
practice
relationships
among several disciplines of health care
professionals.
The
disciplines
include
nursing,
medicine, pharmacy, nutrition, social
work,
and
other
allied
health
professionals such as physical therapists,
respiratory
therapists,occupational
therapists, and speech therapists.

Coordinator of the Trans disciplinary

Health Care Team

Trans disciplinary teams are valuable because

professional members bring their in-depth and
specialized knowledge and skills to the
interaction process.

Trans disciplinary health care team

The term transdisciplinary health care team may

not be as familiar as the term multidisciplinary
or interdisciplinary team.
Multidisciplinary health care teams consist of
many disciplines involved in meeting client care
needs.
Interdisciplinary teams refer to coordination
between and among disciplines involved in
providing client care.

Trans disciplinary health care team

The more global and inclusive term

transdisciplinary health care teams can be
described as including multiple disciplines
bonding, interacting, and uniting toward common
goals of client care.
The collaborative process involved in
transdisciplinary health care incorporates the
definitions of multidisciplinary and
interdisciplinary health care and, in fact,
transcends a single health profession to create
comprehensive work outcomes.

Trans disciplinary health care

team

Successful

health care team models

that use concepts related to
transdisciplinary health care include
pain management, nutritional support,
skin care, rehabilitation, mental health,
and hospice.

Trans disciplinary health care

team

Client education is another area in which

collaboration and disciplines working togetherare
absolutely essential.
Health care professionals must understand one
another's contributions to client education and
ensure that the information clients and families
receive is consistent and complete.
This will lead to the best possible health outcomes
for clients and families.

Hospital Opportunities
In

the hospital the nurse in a direct-care

role provides care for people who are ill
and unable to provide for themselves.

Hospital

positions can range from staff

nurse to administrator and, in a general
hospital, entail any of the clinical
specialties and most of the target
populations.

Quality Management

The parameters of a position in quality

management or quality control vary from
institution to institution, the basic premise is to
ensure that outcomes in client care services are
consistent with established standards.
Quality management nurses assess the
compliance of the institution with established
standards and explore variations from established
standards.
Chart reviews and ongoing interaction with the
staff of the agency are integral components of a
quality management position.

Quality Manager

The health care providers to assess

opportunities for process improvement,
implement changes, measure outcomes, and
then start the improvement process over again.
Quality management nurses research and
describe findings and look for opportunities to
improve care.

Case Manager

This role has had a rich tradition in community and

public health nursing, and in acute care.
Case managers coordinate resources to achieve health
care outcomes based on quality, access, and cost.
The complexity of case management practice is
obvious in the era of chaotic systems caused in which
providers, services, and coverage details are
constantly changing.
Case managers identify the best resources at the
lowest cost to achieve the optimum health outcome
for the client.

WHAT ABOUT THE FUTURE OF

NURSING?

Growth of the nursing profession be prompted by

technologic advances in client care, which allow an
increased number of health problems to be detected
early and managed quickly.
Health maintenance organizations, ambulatory
surgicenters, and church health centers are only a
few of the places where the public will receive their
health care.
Nursing can be a vital component of the "alternative
setting" movement that is on the forefront of health
care reform.

WHAT ABOUT THE FUTURE OF

NURSING?

Professional nursing services should be viewed as

a cost-effective way to provide disease
prevention and health-promotion activities in
multiple areas of the community, including
industry, business, and commerce.
Wellness and disease prevention, historically
fundamental to the nursing profession, are now
becoming more meaningful and revitalized
concepts within the larger health care system.

WHAT ABOUT THE FUTURE OF

NURSING?

The nursing profession historically has

requested a chance to prove its worth in
producing cost-effective, quality health care.
Encouragement for nurses who are interested in
developing new roles is provided by examples
of nurses who envisioned and created new
roles.
Traditional, nontraditional, and advanced
practice nursing roles offer many exciting
opportunities for professional growth and
satisfaction.

FUNCTIONS
1

Ensure competency

Ensure recourse availability

Assume responsibility for development

Provides input in formulating policy

Delivery system

ISSUES
IN
CNE

Management

Control

Costs