DAM 21102

ENGINEERING MATERIAL
SELECTION
CHAPTER 3 :
MATERIALS ENGINEERING
&
THEIR CHARACTERISTICS:
Material Behaviours

En. Muhammad Hanafi Bin

Asril Rajo Mantari
Hanafi,JKM,PPD,2015

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND

BEHAVIOURS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. CONCEPTS

OF STRESS AND STRAIN

3. ELASTIC DEFORMATION
4. PLASTIC DEFORMATION
5. TYPES OF TEST
6. SAFETY FACTOR

Hanafi,JKM,PPD,2015

INTRODUCTION

Many material, when in service, are subjected to

forces or loads.
It is necessary to know the characteristics of the
material from which it is made such that
any resulting deformation will not be
excessive and fracture will not occur.
Mechanical behavior the relationship between
its response or deformation to an applied load or
force.
Examples : strength, hardness, ductility &
stiffness
Hanafi,JKM,PPD,2015

INTRODUCTION

Hanafi,JKM,PPD,2015

Mechanical properties of materials are

ascertained it need to perform laboratory
experiments.

Standardized testing techniques to ensure the

consistency in the tests conducted and in the
interpretation of results.

Examples : ASTM (American Standards for

Testing and Materials), ISO

Hanafi,JKM,PPD,2015

CONCEPTS OF STRESS AND

STRAIN
If the load is ;
static or changes relatively slowly with time
applied uniformly over a cross section or
surface of a member
the mechanical behavior may be
ascertained by a simple stress-strain test
(conducted at room temperature)
Three principle ways of applied load ;
tensile, compression and shear (torsion)
Hanafi,JKM,PPD,2015

Schematic
illustration of how
different types of load
produce an elongation
and positive linear strain.
(a) tensile load.
(b) compression load.
(c) Shear strain.
(d) torsion deformation.

Hanafi,JKM,PPD,2015

ELASTIC DEFORMATION
Degree of structure deforms or strains depends on the magnitude of an
imposed stress.

E
Stress
(N/m2 = Pa)

Strain
Youngs Modulus
(modulus of elasticity)
(Pa)

Elastic deformation deformation in which stress and

strain are proportional.
when the applied load is released, the piece
returns
to its original shape.
Hanafi,JKM,PPD,2015

Metals deform when subjected to uniaxial tensile force

ELASTIC DEFORMATION
Regain original dimensions when force removed
Atoms return to original positions
A
___
Consider a
cylindrical rod
Ao
l
subjected to uniaxial
___
force
Engineering stress,
:
= F/Ao
lo
lo
Engineering strain, :
= l lo = l
lo
l
Hanafi,JKM,PPD,2015

 Example
A 1.25 cm diameter bar is subjected to a load of 2500
kg. calculate the engineering stress on the bar in
megapascals (MPa). Acceleration of gravity is 9.81 ms-2.

Solution
F = ma = (2500 kg)(9.81 ms-2) = 24,500 N
= F/Ao
= F/(/4)(d2)
= 24,500 N / (/4)(0.0125 m)2
= 200MPa
Hanafi,JKM,PPD,2015

Solution :
= l lo
lo
= l = (2.65 cm 2.00 cm)
lo
2.00 cm
= 0.65 cm = 0.325
2.00 cm
% elongation = 0.325 x 100%
= 32.5 %
Hanafi,JKM,PPD,2015

2.65 cm

8 cm

Example
Pure aluminium 0.5 cm width, 0.040 cm
thick and 8 cm length which has gage
markings 2 cm apart in the middle of the
sample is strained so that the gage
markings are 2.65 cm apart. Calculate
engineering strain elongation which the
sample undergoes
2 cm

PLASTIC DEFORMATION

Most metallic materials, elastic deformation persists only

to strains of about 0.005.

PLASTIC DEFORMATION ;

Cannot fully recover to original dimensions

Atoms permanently displaced and take up new

positions.
- involved the breaking of bonds with original
atom neighbors and then reforming bonds with
new neighbors, upon removal of the stress they
do not return to their original positions.
Hanafi,JKM,PPD,2015

TYPE
OF
TEST

Hanafi,JKM,PPD,2015

Tensile test

Purpose to evaluate
strength of materials

Sample is pulled to
failure in a relatively
short time at a
constant rate

Plot of engineering
stress vs. engineering
strain can be
constructed

Hanafi,JKM,PPD,2015

From a stress-strain
diagram we can
obtain
1) Modulus of
elasticity, E (where
E = /)
2) Yield strength at
0.2%* offset, y
3) Ultimate tensile
strength, UTS
4) Percent elongation
at fracture
Stress-strain diagram

5) Percent reduction

Hanafi,JKM,PPD,2015

Typical stress-strain
behavior for a
metal showing
elastic & plastic
deformations, the
yield strength y as
determined using
the 0.002 strain
offset method.
Stress-strain
behavior of some
steels
demonstrating the
yield point
phenomenon.

Hanafi,JKM,PPD,2015

Figure 3.7 : Typical engineering stress-strain behavior to fracture, point F. TS is the

tensile strength. The circular insets represent the geometry of the deformed specimen
at various points along the curve.
Hanafi,JKM,PPD,2015

Stress-strain behavior for ductile

and brittle materials.

Engineering stressstrain behavior for

iron at three
temperatures
Hanafi,JKM,PPD,2015

Room-Temperature Elastic and Shear Moduli, and Poissons Ratio for

Various Metal Alloys

l
E
E
lo

Hanafi,JKM,PPD,2015

where
l = elongation

Lo = original length

True stress :
t = F/Ai

True strain
t = lilo (dl/l)
= ln (li/lo)
= ln (Ao/Ai)
(assume the volume is
constant)

lo - original gage length

li instantaneous extended
gage length
Ao original area
Ai instantaneous minimum
cross-sectional area of
sample

True stress and Engineering stress

Hanafi,JKM,PPD,2015

Example :
Load applied to specimen, F = 170Kg
original specimen length, lo = 80mm
length of specimen under 170Kg load, li = 100mm
original specimen diameter d0 =10mm
Diameter of specimen under 170Kg load, di = 5mm

Solution :

Ao = (/4)do2 = (/4)(0.01) 2 = 7.85x10-5 m2

Ai = (/4)di2 = (/4)(0.005) 2 = 1.96 x10-5 m2
Eng. Stress, E = F/Ao = (170x9.81)/ 7.85x10-5 = 212.446 M N/m-2
Eng. Strain, E = l/lo= 100-80/80= 0.25
True Stress, T = F/Ai = (170x9.81)/ 1.96 x10-5 = 850.867 M N/m-2
Hanafi,JKM,PPD,2015
True Strain, T = ln(li/lo) = ln( 100/80)=0.22

Hardness Test

Hardness the resistance of a metal to permanent

(plastic) deformation.

Four common hardness test :

1. Brinell
2. Vickers
3. Knoop
4. Rockwell

Non-destructive test

Hardness Testing Techniques

Impact
To ascertain the fracture characteristics of
Test
materials.

Fracture separation of a solid under stress into

two or more parts.
Two types of impact test : IZOD or CHARPY.

FRACTURE
DUCTILE
- Slow crack propagation
BRITTLE
- Rapid crack propagation
DUCTILE + BRITTLE

(b) Charpy specimen

(a) Impact machine

(c) Izod specimen

A schematic drawing of an impact specimens an testing apparatus

Effect of temperature on the energy absorbed upon impact by

different types of materials.

Fatigue Test
Fatigue failures which occur under dynamic or

fluctuating stresses (repeated or cyclic stress).

Examples : in connecting rods, shafts and gears.
Occurring very suddenly and without warning.
Usually starts/originates at a point of stress
concentration such as a sharp corner or notch.

Schematic diagram of fatigue machine

SN (Stress vs. number of cycles) curves for fatigue

failure

Creep Test
Creep deformation under static load
or stress at elevated temperature.
Examples : in high-pressure steam
lines, turbine rotors in jet engines etc.
Time-independent and permanent
deformation of materials.
For metals only important when the
service temperature > 0.4 Tm (Tm =
absolute melting temperature).

= Creep rate

Typical creep
curve of strain
versus time at
constant stress
and constant
elevated
temperature.

Influence of
stress and
temperature T
on creep
behavior.

SAFETY FACTOR
Use to predicting material failure and designing safe product
Factor of safety, N

y
N

Which is
w = safety stress / working stress
y = material yield stress
N = safety factors
(common used number 1.2 and 4)

Example:

A tensile apparatus is to be constructed

which must stand withstand a maximum
load 220kN. The design calls for two
cylindrical support posts, each of which is
to support half of the maximum load.
Furthermore, plain carbon (1045) steel
ground and polished shafting rounds are to
be used; the minimum yield and tensile
strengths of this alloy are 310 MPa and 565
MPa, respectively. If the safety factor is 1.5,
find the working stress and suitable
diameter for these support posts.

SOLUTION

Given N=1.5, thus, the working stress w

y
w
N
310 Mpa

206.67 Mpa
1 .5

F
d
Ao
w
2

d is the diameter of the rod and F is the force applied

d 2

F
w

d 2

110000
(206.67 x106 )

0.026m

Therefore the diameter

of rod should be
2.6 x10-2m

......FINISH ......
THank you

Hanafi,JKM,PPD,2015