Introduction of Human

Anatomy and Physiology

By :
Aguslina Kirtishanti

REFERENCES
Martini

FH, 2006, Fundamentals of

Anatomy & Physiology, 7th edition,
Benjamin Cummings, San Fransisco,
CA 94111, USA.
Fox SI, 1999, Human Physiology,
6th edition, McGraw-Hill Copany, USA.
Guyton AC, 2000, Textbook
Medical of Physiology, 10th
edition, WB Saunder Co,
Philadelphia, USA.

DEFINITION
Anatomy

: the study of internal and

external structures of the body and
physical relationships among body
parts.

Physiology

is the study of the

function of anatomical structures.

Level of Organization

The Organ System

The

Integumentary System
The Skeletal System
The Muscular System
The Nervous System
The Endocrine System
The Cardiovascular System
The Lymphatic System
The Respiratory System
The Digestive System
The Urinary System
The Reproductive System (Male and
Female)

Homeostasis
Homeostasis

: Physiological systems
work together to maintain a stable
internal environment.
Failure to maintain homeostasis due
to illness or even death.
Two general mechanism are involved
in homeostasic regulation :
1. Autoregulation or intrinsic regulation
2. Extrinsic regulation

Homeostasis
A

homeostatic regulatory
mechanism consists of three parts :
1. Receptor
2. Control center
3. Effector

Homeostasis

Homeostasis

Homeostasis
The

homeostatic regulatory
mechanism involve :
1. Negative feedback
2. Positive feedback

Cellular Level
Organization
The
1.
2.
3.
4.

basic concepts of this theory :

Cells are the building blocks of all
plants and animals.
All cells come from the division of
preexisting cells.
Cells are the smallest units that
perform all vital physiological functions.
Each cell maintains homeostasis at the
cellular level.

The Cell

The Cell Membrane

Functions
1.
2.
3.
4.

of cell membrane :
Physical isolation
Regulation of exchange with the
environment
Sensitivity to the environment
Structural support

.The

cell membrane is extremely thin and

delicate, ranging from 6 to 10 nm in
thickness. This membrane contain lipids,
proteins and carbohydrates.

The Cell Membrane

The Cell Membrane

Membrane Lipids
Phospholipid bilayer (42%), in each half of
the bilayer, the phospholipid lie with their
hydrophilic heads at the membrane
surface and their hydrophobic tails on the
inside.
Membrane Proteins
55% of the weight of a cell membrane. There
are two general structural classes of
membrane proteins : Integral proteins and
Peripheral proteins.

The Cell Membrane

The functional protein include the
following :
1. Anchoring proteins
2. Recognition proteins
3. Enzymes
4. Receptor proteins
5. Carrier proteins
6. Channels

The Cell Membrane

Membrane Carbohydrates
The carbohydrates in the cell membrane are
components of complex molecules such as
proteoglycans, glycoproteins and glycolipids.
The function of membrane carbohydrates are :
1. Lubrication and protection
2. Anchoring and locomotion
3. Specificity in binding
4. Recognition

How Things Get Into and Out

of Cells
The three major categories are as follows :
1. Diffusion : simple diffusion and osmosis.
Diffusion is a passive process.
2. Carrier-mediated transport. It can be
passive or active. For examples :
facilitated diffusion, the sodiumpotassium exchange pump, secondary
active transport.
3. Vesicular transport : endocytosis and
exocytosis.

EXOCYTOSIS

ENDOCYTOSIS

BODY TISSUES
Epithelial Tissue: simple epithelia dan
stratified epithelia, glandular epithelia
Connective Tissues : bone, hyaline
cartilage, dense fibrous tissue, areolar
tissue, adipose tissue, reticular
connective tissue, blood.
Neural Tissue : neuron dan supporting
cells.
Muscle Tissue : skeletal muscle tissue,
smooth muscle tissue, cardiac muscle
tissue.

TERIMA
KASIH