A SEMINAR REPORT ON

“EFFECT OF FLY ASH AND SILICA FUME

ON CONCRETE”

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Prof. A.M.Galagali
SUBMITTED BY
Mohammad Ali. A. Jamadar
US No: 2BV05CV401
 SEQUENCE OF SLIDES

1.0 Introduction

2.0 Materials
2.1. Fly ash
2.2 Silica fume

3.0 Effect of fly ash on concrete

3.1. Influence of fly ash on property of fresh concrete
3.2. Strength development of fly as concrete
3.3. Durability aspect

4.0 Effect of silica fume on concrete

4.1. Influence of silica fume on property of fresh concrete
4.2 Strength development of the Portland cement-silica system
4.3 Durability of concrete congaing silica fume

5.0 Conclusion

6.0 References
 INTRODUCTION

Earlier notion of using high amounts of cement for concrete

has now changed on favour of increased use of high amounts of
mineral ad-mixtures and super plasticizers with reduced amounts
of cement and water in the concrete mixtures. Energy plays a
crucial role in growth of developing countries, like India.
MATERIALS

Fly Ash
&
Silica Fume
 FLYASH (PULVERIZED-FUEL ASH)
Fly ash is a by-product of burning pulverized coal to generate electric power.

The fly ash particles are spherical.

Fly ash has very high fineness with Specific Surface of between 250 to 600m 2/kg.

Specific gravity is around 2.35.

There are two classes of fly ash.

One is Class F fly ash which is obtained from the burning of bituminous coal, usually has less than
5% CaO

Second is Class C fly ash which is obtained from burning of lignite. It may have CaO content is
excess of 10%.
 SILICA FUME (Microsilica)

Silica fume is a by-product of silicon or Ferro-Silica industry and is

100 times finer than cement.

The specific gravity of silica fumes is generally 2.20.

The particles of silica fume are extremely fine, most of them having
a diameter ranging between 0.03 and 0.3 m.

Specific surface of about 20000m 2/kg, which is 13 to 20 times

higher than the specific surface of other pozzolanic materials.

Such fine material as silica fume has a very low bulk density: 200
to 300kg/m3.
EFFECT OF FLY ASH ON CONCRETE
 INFLUENCE OF FLY ASH ON PROPERTIES OF FRESH
CONCRETE
Concrete Workability:
 Use of fly ash increases the absolute volume of cementitious
materials (cement plus fly ash) compared to non-fly-ash concrete;
therefore, the paste volume is increased, leading to a reduction in
aggregate particle interference and enhancement in concrete
workability.

 The spherical particle shape of fly ash also participates in improving

workability of fly ash concrete because of the so-called "ball bearing"

Water demand:
For a constant workability, the reduction in the water demand of
concrete due to fly ash is usually between 5 and 15 percent by
comparison with a Portland –cement –only mix having the same
cementations material content; the reduction is larger at higher
water/cement ratio.
 Bleeding:
 A concrete mix containing fly ash is cohesive and has reduced bleeding
capacity. The mix can be suitable for pumping and for slip forming; finishing
operations of fly ash concrete and made easier.

 Concrete with relatively high fly ash content will require less water than non-
fly-ash concrete of equal slump

Time of Setting:
 All Class F and most Class C fly ashes increase the time of setting of concrete.

 Time of setting of fly ash concrete is influenced by the characteristics and

amounts of fly ash used in concrete.
 STRENGTH DEVELOPMENT OF FLY ASH CONCRETE

Packing:
 Extent of packing depends both on the fly ash and cement used. Better
packing is achieved with coarser Portland cement with finer fly ash.

 Due to packing there will reduction in the entrapped air in concrete and
volume of large capillary pores also reduces.

Density of concrete:
Density of concrete is increase which is beneficial with respect to
strength, resistance to crack and stiffness.
Compressive Strength:
Due to continued pozzonic reactivity concrete develops greater
strength at later age, which may exceed that of concrete without
fly ash.

Permeability of concrete:
The pozzonic reaction also contributes to making the texture of
concrete dense, resulting in decrease of water permeability and
gas permeability.
 DURABILITY ASPECTS

Sulfate attack:
Alumina and lime in the fly ash may contribute to the sulfate
reactions. A high silica/alumina ratio probably reduces the
vulnerability to sulfate attack but no reliable generalization
is possible.

Freeze-thawing:
Fly ash has not adverse effect on the resistance to freezing
and thawing of air entrained concrete.

Carbon:
It has been found that high-carbon-content fly ash reduces
the effectiveness of admixtures such as air-entraining agents
 Alkali-silica Reaction:
 The alkalies released by the cement preferentially combine with
the reactive silica in the fly ash rather than in the aggregate.

 The alkalies are tied up in nonexpansive calcium-alkali-silica gel.

Thus hydroxyl ions remaining in the solution are insufficient to
react with the material in the interior of the larger reactive
aggregate particles and disruptive osmotic forces are not
generated.

Chloride:
Due to reduced permeability of mature concrete containing fly ash
the chloride ingress into such concrete is reduced.
EFFECT OF SILICA FUME ON CONCRETE
 INFLUENCE OF SILICA FUME ON PROPERTIES OF RESH
CONCRETE

Effects on Water Requirements of Fresh Concrete:

The demand of water will be increased due to very large surface

area of the particles of silica fume so that, in mixes with a low
water/cement ratio, it necessary to use a superplasticizer. In this
way, it is possible to maintain both the required water/cement
ratio and the necessary workability.

Effects on Consistency and Bleeding of Fresh Concrete:

 Concrete incorporating more than 10% Silica Fume becomes

sticky; in order to enhance workability, the initial slump should be
increased. It has been found that Silica Fume reduces bleeding.

 The reduced bleeding can lead to plastic shrinkage cracking under

drying conditions, unless preventive measures are taken.
 STRENGTH DEVELOPMENT OF SILICA FUME CONCRET

Early Strength
The early strength development is probably through improvement
in packing that is action as a filler and improvement of the
interface zone with aggregate.
High Strength Concrete:
Silica Fume has been successfully used to produce very high-
strength, low-permeability, and chemically resistant concrete.
Addition of Silica Fume by itself, with other factors being constant,
increases the concrete strength.
Modulus of Elasticity:
The modulus of elasticity of concrete containing silica fume is
somewhat higher than is the case with Portland cement only
concretes of similar strength it has been reported that concrete
containing silica fume is more brittle.
Modulus of Rupture:
The modulus of rupture of Silica Fume concrete is usually either
about the same as or somewhat higher than that of conventional
concrete at the same level of compressive strength .
Permeability of concrete:
The permeability of concrete is also reduces .
DURABILITY OF CONCRETE CONTAINING
SILICA FUME
Chloride:
Reduced permeability is a greater resistance to the ingress of
chloride ions.

Sulfate Resistance:
The sulfate resistance of concrete containing silica fume is good,
partly because of a lower permeability and partly in consequence of
a lower content of calcium hydroxide and of alumina.

Freeze-Thawing:
Use of Silica Fume has no significant influence on the production
and stability of the air-void system. Freeze-thaw testing on Silica
Fume concrete showed acceptable results; the average durability
factor was greater than 99%.

Abrasion Resistance:
Due to absence of bleeding, no weak top layer is formed and also
because of a better bond between the hydrated cement paste and
coarse aggregate.
 CONCLUSION:

Fly Ash:
 It can replace up to 30% by mass of Portland cement, and
can add to the concrete’s final strength and increase its
chemical resistance and durability.
 Due to the spherical shape of fly ash particles, it can also
increase workability of cement while reducing water
demand.
 The replacement of Portland cement with fly ash also
reduces the greenhouse gas.

• Silica Fume:
 silica fume improves compressive strength,bond strength,
and abrasion resistance.
 silica fume also reduces the permeability of concrete to
chloride ions, which protects concrete's reinfrocing steel
from corrosion, especially in chloride-rich environments
such as those of roadways,runways and saltwater bridges.
 REFERENCES

1. A.M Neville, “Properties of Concrete”

Fourth and Final Edition, PEARSON EDUCATION,2005.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. M.S.Shetty, ”concrete technology” Theory and Practice,
Rajendra Ravindra(Pvt)Ltd,2006.

2. http://www.wikipedia.org

3. http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/
materialsgrp/silica.htm

4. http://www.dot.gov/infrastructure/materialsgrp/
flyash.htm
Thank you