WCDMA Radio Network Planning and Optimization: Song Pengpeng

WCDMA Radio Network Planning and
Optimization
Song Pengpeng
Contents
>
WCDMA Fundamentals(including link budget

fundamentals)
>
Radio Resource Utilization
>
Coverage and Capacity issues
>
Cell deployment
>
WCDMA Radio Network Planning(including WCDMA-GSM

Co-planning issues )
>
Co-existing TDD & FDD modes
Presentation Title 2
All rights reserved 2004
WCDMA Fundamentals
>
WCDMA network infrastructure
>
WCDMA radio interface protocol architecture
>
WCDMA link level characteristics & indicators
>
WCDMA link budget analysis
WCDMA Fundamentals
>
WCDMA Network infrastructure

Data General
CN
Data General
Data General
MSC
Iu
Iu
RNC
I ub
RNC
I ur
I ub
I ub
I ub
UTRAN
Uu
UE
NodeB
NodeB
NodeB
NodeB
UE
UE
UE
WCDMA Fundamentals
>
WCDMA Radio Interface protocol architecture

Radi o Bearers
Radi o Resource Control

Subl ayer( RRC)
Layer 3
Packet Dat a
Convergence
Prot ocol ( PDCP)
Si gnal l i ng
Radi o Bearers
Radi o Li nk
Cont rol
RLC
Subl ayer( RLC)
RLC
RLC
RLC
Layer 2
Logi cal Channel s
Medi a Access Cont rol Subl ayer ( MAC)
Transport Channel s
Physi cal l ayer ( PHY)
Layer 1
WCDMA Fundamentals
>
Mapping between Trch and PHY channels

Transport Channels
Physical Channels
DCH
Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH)

Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH)
RACH
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
CPCH
Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH)

Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)
BCH
Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P -CCPCH)
FACH
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S -CCPCH)
User data t ransmissi on,

DCH, DSCH, HS- DSCH, CPCH. . .
PCH
Synchronisation Channel (SCH)
DSCH
Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)

Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)
Si gnal i ng and Cont rol

Channel s, e. g.
BCH, PCH, FACH, RACH. . .
Access Preamble Acquisition Indicator Channel (AP-AICH)
NodeB
Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)

CPCH Status Indicator Channel (CSICH)
Collision-Detection/Channel-Assignment Indicator
HS-DSCH
Channel (CD/CA-ICH)
High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH)
HS-DSCH-related Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)
Dedicated Physical Control Channel (uplink) for HS-DSCH (HS-DPCCH)
UE
WCDMA Fundamentals
WCDMA parameters
Parameters
Chip rate
Frame length
Modulation
Bandwidth
Vocoder
Base synchronization
Power control rate
WCDMA
3.84 Mcps
10 or 2 ms
Downlink: QPSK;
Uplink: HPSK
5 MHz
Algebraic Code Excited
Linear Prediction Coder(ACELP)
Asynchronization
1500 Hz
Unique scrambling code (Gold code)
Cell identification
WCDMA link level indicators

indicators
Formularization
BLER
BER
Average block error rate calculated for the transport blocks

Information bit error rate
Eb/No
Ec/Io
User information bit rate

E b W Prx

Uplink:
N0
R I
Eb W
PrxEnergy per bit divided by noise spectral density(including interference
Downlink: N R I (1 ) I P
power density)
0
own
oth
N
(Eb/No) divided by
processing gain
Ec/Ior
OVSF code
Channelization code
G
G(Geometry factor)
I oth
I own
I own
I oth PN
Average Power Rise

Noise Rise
Power Control
headroom
(Average required
received Eb/Io without fast PC)(average required received
Eb/Io with fast PC)
Macro Diversity
Combining Gain
Comments
The received chip energy relative to the total power spectral density;
always used on CPICH,AICH and PICH.
The transmitted energy per chip on a chosen channel relative to the
total transmitted power spectral density at the base station.
Other-to-own-cell received power ratio
Mostly used in downlink, G reflects the distance of the MS from the BS

antenna. Atypical range is from 3 dB to 20 dB, where 3 dB is for the
cell edge.
The difference between the average transmitted power and the average
received power in low multi-path diversity channels
The ratio of the total received wideband power to the noise power.
Also referred as TPC headroom or multipath fading margin

The reduction of the required Eb/No per link in soft or softer handover
when compared to the situation with one radio link only.
WCDMA Radio Network Planning---Example of link budget

analysis
>
RF link budget components:
WCDMA Radio Network Planning---Example of

link budget
analysis
Example of RLB for 12.2 kbps voice service(uplink,120km/h,in-car users,VA channel with soft handover)
Transmitter(mobile)
Max. Tx power[dBm]
Mobile antenna gain[dBi]
Body loss[dB]
Equivalent Isotropic
Radiated power
(EIRP)[dBm]
Receiver(base station)
Thermal noise density
[dBm/Hz]
Base station receiver
noise figure[dB]
Receiver noise density
[dBm/Hz]
Receiver noise power
[dBm]
Max_path_loss=Ptx_EIRP - Prx_receiver_sensitivity
-Lrx_cable+ Grx_antenna
Allowed_propagation_loss=Max_path_loss
-Log_normal_fading_margin
+soft_handover_margin
-in_car_loss
Interference margin[dB]
Receiver interference
power[dBm]
Total effectve noise +
interference [dBm]
Processing gain[dB]
Required Eb/No[dB]
Receiver sensitivity[dBm]
Base station antenna
gain[dBi]
Cable loss in the base
station[dB]
Fast fading margin[dB]
Max.path loss[dB]
21
0
3
a
b
c
18
d=a+b-c
-174
-169
-103.2
3
g=e+f
h=g+10*log(3840000)
I
-103.2
j=10*log(10^((h+i)/10)-10^(h/10))
-100.2
25
5
-120.2
k=10*log(10^(h/10)+10^(j/10))
l=10*log(3840/12.2)
m
n=m-l+k
18
2
0
154.2
o
p
q
r=d-n+o-p-q
Coverage probability[%]
95
Log normal fading
constant[dB]
7
Propagation model exponent
3.52
Log normal fading margin
[dB]
7.3
s
Soft handover gain[dB]
3
t
In-car loss[dB]
8
u
Allowed propagation loss
2004
for cell range[dB] All rights reserved
141.9
v=r-s+t-u
Closely related with the loading of the cell which

subsequently affects the coverage. For coveragelimited cases a smaller interference margin is
suggested,while in capacity-limited cases a larger
interference margin should be used. Typical value
for the interference margin in the coverage-limited
cases are 1.0-3.0 dB corresponding to 20-50%
loading.
A headroom for mobile station to maintain

adequate closed loop fast power control. This
applies especially to slow-moving pedestrian
mobiles.Typical values are 2.0-5.0 dB for slowmoving mobiles(*)
the margin required to provide a specified
coverage availability over the individual cells.
For a 95% coverage with a standard shadowing
deviation of 6.0dB and path loss model with
n=3.6 we need a shadowing margin of
approximately 6.0dB
handovers give a gin against slow fading by
reducing the required log-normal fading margin;it
also gives an additional macro diversity gain
against fast fading by reducing the required
Eb/No due to the effect of macro diversity
combining.
(*) *modeling the impact of the fast power control on the WCDMA uplink, sipila,K., Laiho-Steffens,J.,Jasberg,M. and Wacker.A, Proc VTC99 Spring Huston,Texas,May
RADIO RESOURCE UTILIZATION

>
Radio Resource Management
Basic RRM functions

* Power Control
To
To adjust
adjust the
the transmit
transmit powers
powers in
in upilnk
upilnk and
and
downlink
downlink to
to the
the minimum
minimum level
level required
required to
to
enshure
enshure the
the demanded
demanded QoS
QoS
Power Control
* Handover Control
* Congestion Control
* Resource Management
Takes
Takes care
care that
that aa connected
connected user
user is
is handed
handed
over
over from
from one
one cell
cell to
to another
another as
as he
he moves
moves
through
through the
the coverage
coverage area
area of a mobile
network.
network.
Let
Let users
users set
set up
up or
or reconfigure
reconfigure aa radio
radio
access
bearer(RAB)
access bearer(RAB) only
only ifif these
these would
would not
not
overload
the
system
and
if
the
necessary
overload the system and if the necessary
resources
resources are
are available.
available.
Takes
Takes care
care that
that aa system
system temporarily
temporarily going
going
into
overload
is
returned
into overload is returned to a nonoverloaded
overloaded situation.
situation.
To
To handle
handle all
all non-realtime
non-realtime traffic,allocate
traffic,allocate
optimum
optimum bit
bit rates
rates and
and schedule
schedule
transmission
transmission of
of the
the packet
packet data,
data, keeping
keeping the
the
required
required QoS
QoS in
in terms
terms of
of throughput
throughput and
and
delays.
delays.
To
To control
control the
the physical
physical and
and logical
logical radio
radio
resources
resources under
under one
one RNC;to
RNC;to coordinate
coordinate the
the
usage
usage of
of the
the available
available hardware
hardware resouces
resouces
and
and to
to manage
manage the
the code
code tree.
tree.
Handover
Control
Admission
control
Load control
Packet data
scheduling
Congestion Control
Resource
Manager
To ensure
Tothe
ensure
that
that thestays
network
network
within
the stays
within
planned the
planned
condition
condition
RADIO RESOURCE UTILIZATION---power

control(1)
>
UMTS Power Control(PC) summary
RADIO RESOURCE UTILIZATION---power

control(2)
>
Uplink/Downlink inner- and outer- loop power

control
SRNC
Iub
UL outer loop PC
SIR_step=f(BLER or BER)
SIR target management
MDC and splitting
Uu
NodeB
UE
SIR estimates Vs target Sir

UL TPC commands
DL outer loop PC
SIR_step=f(BLER or BER)
SIR target management
SIR estimate vs. target SIR
DL TPC commands
>
RADIO RESOURCE UTILIZATION---handover

control
Soft-Handover:Example of Soft Handover Algorithm
Event 1A: A P-CPICH enters the reporting range
Addition window
SRNC
I ub
M i (1 W ) 10 log10 M Best ( R1a H 1a 2)
i 1
10 log10 M new W 10 log10
NA
I ub
Macro Di versi t y
combi ni ng
Event 1B: A P-CPICH leaves the reporting range
NA
10 log10 M old W 10 log10
M
i 1
(1 W ) 10 log10 M Best ( R1b H 1b 2)
NodeB 1
Event 1C: A non-active PCPICH becomes better than drop window

an active one
Event 1D: change of best cell. Reporting event is
triggered when any P-CPICH in the reporting range
becomes better than the current bet one plus an
optional hysteresis value.
Event 1E: A P-CPICH becomes better than an absolute
threshold plus an optional hysteresis value.
Event 1F: A P-CPICH becomes worse than an absolute
threshold minus an optional hysteresis value.
Measurement
Quantity
NodeB 2
UE i n SHO
CPICH 1
As_Th + As_Th_Hyst
AS_Th AS_Th_Hyst
As_Rep_Hyst
CPICH 2
CPICH 3
Time
Cell 1 Connected
Event 1A
Add Cell 2
Event 1C
Event 1B
Replace Cell 1 with Cell 3 Remove Cell 3
RADIO RESOURCE UTILIZATION---PC and SHO

conclusion
>
Bonding of SHO and PC(based on the fact that SHO gain is dependent on
the PC efficiency)
SHO gain depends on the type of channel and the degree of PC
imperfection.It is usually higher with imperfect PC.
SHO diversity can reduce the PC headroom,thus improving the coverage.
The transmit and receive power differences as a result of SHO
measurement errors and SHO windows can affect the PC error rate in
uplink,reducing the uplink SHO gains.
In uplink, SHO gain is translated into a decrease in the outer-loop PCs
Eb/No target.
RADIO RESOURCE UTILIZATION---congestion

control
>
Air interface load definition(load control principles)
Uplink
Wideband power-based uplink loading
UL
p rxTotal I own I oth PN

UL
Throughput-based uplink loading

Downlink
Wideband power-based downlink loading
I own I oth
PrxTotal where
DL
1
(1 i )
W
1
k Rk k
PrxTotoal
Ptx max
Throughput-based downlink loading

N
DL
R
k 1
Rmax
or
DL [(1 ) iDL ] (
k 1
k Rk k
)
W

control (contd)
>
Congestion control---keep the air interface load

under predefined thresholds
>
Wideband power-based admission control

For uplink, an RT bearer will be admitted 1if
P
where
I rxTotal L and L
W
1
1
R
For downlink, an RT bearer will be admitted if
Admi ssi on
cont rol
Admission control---handling all the new traffic

Load control---managing the situation when
system load has exceeded the threshold
Packet scheduling---handling all the non-real-time
traffic
Admission control
Congesti on Control
Throughput-based admission control
Load cont rol
Packet dat a
schedul i ng
PrxNC I PrxT arg et

PrxTotoal PrxT arg et PrxOffset
PtxNC P PtxT arg et
PtxTotal PtxT arg et PtxOffset
For uplink, it follows oldUL L thresholdUL

For downlink, it follows oldDL L thresholdDL

control (contd)
>
Packet scheduling
Packet schedul i ng al gori t hm
Time division scheduling

Code division scheduling
Process Capaci t y request s
Cal cul at e l oad budget f or

packet schedul i ng
Yes
No
No
Load bel ow t arget

l evel ?
Overl oad threshol d

exceeded?
Yes
I ncrease l oadi ng
Decrease l oadi ng
Al l ocat e/ modi f y/ rel ease

radi o resources
RADIO RESOURCE UTILIZATION---Code Planning

>
Code planning
>
Code allocation is under the control of RNC.

Code tree may become fragmented and code reshuffling
is needed(arranged by RNC).
Code allocation
Scrambling and spreading code allocation for uplink(by

UTRAN)
Scrambling and spreading code allocation for downlink
Downlink channelisation code allocation (by UTRAN)
Downlink scrambling code planning
512 scrambling codes subdivided into 64 groups
each of eight codes
RRM optimization --- SHO optimization(1)

>
Addition window optimization
Determines the relative difference of the cells

at the MS end that are to be included in the
active set
Degraded
perf ormance
Optimized so that only the relevant cells are in due t o t oo
hi gh l evel
the active set
di ff erence of
t he si gnal s
i n AS
t oo hi gh
Too wi de
SHO area
Unnecessary
branch
addi t i on
I ncreased
SHO
overhead
Too smal l
SHO area
MRC gai n
reduct i on
Reduced UL
capaci t y
Frequent AS
updat es
I ncreasi ng
si gnal l i ng
overhead
Rel evant
cel l s removed
f romAS
I ncreased
Tx powers
Addi t i on
wi ndow
t oo l ow
I ncreased
BS and MS
Tx Power
Reduced DL
capaci t y
Reduced UL/
DL capaci t y
Reduced DL
and UL
capaci t y

>
Drop window optimization
Slightly larger than the addition window
Frequent and
delayed Hos (cells
ping-pong in the
active set)
I ncreased
MS Tx power
Reduced UL
capaci t y
I ncreased BS
and MS Tx
Power
I ncreased BS
Tx power
Reduced DL
capaci t y
Unnecessary
branches
st ay i n AS
Too l arge
SHO
overhead
t oo l ow
Frequent
HOs
I ncreased
si gnal i ng
overhead
t oo l ow
Rel evant
cel l s removed
f rom AS
I ncreased
Tx powers
t oo hi gh
drop
wi ndow
Degraded
perf ormance
due t o t oo
hi gh l evel
di ff erence of
t he si gnal s
i n AS
Reduced UL/
DL capaci t y

>
Replacement window optimization
Determines the relative threshold for MS to trigger the reporting Event 1C.
Too high: slow branch replacement and thus non-optimal active set
Too low: ping-pong effect with unnecessary SHOs
t oo hi gh
Act i veset
subopt i mal
repl acment
wi ndow
t oo l ow
Exceut i on of
unnecessary
HOs
MS Tx power
i ncrease
UL l oad
i ncrease
I ncreased
cal l drop or
bl ock rat e
BS Tx power
i ncrease
DL l oad
i ncrease
Reduced cal l
set up success
rat e
I ncreased
si gnal i ng
overhead
Reduced DL/ UL
t ot al cel l
t raffi c

>
Maximum active set size optimization

Degraded
perf ormance
due t o t oo
hi gh l evel
di ff erence of
t he si gnal s
i n AS
t oo bi g
Max AS
si ze
t oo smal l
Possi bl e
unnecessary
branch addi t i on
Prevent
necessary sof t
HO branch
addi t i on
I ncreased SHO
overhead
I ncreased
MS Tx power
Reduced UL
capaci t y
I ncreased
BS Tx power
Reduced DL
capaci t y
Requi re
hi gher Tx
power t o a MS
Degraded DL
BLER
perf ormance
Requi re hi gher
Tx power f rom
a MS
Degraded UL
BLER
perf ormance
I ncreased
cal l drop/
bl ock rat e
RADIO RESOURCE UTILIZATION --- SHO

optimization conclusion
>
SHO overhead target level should be 30%~40%.
Addition window & Drop window optimization should be tuned first

Change the active set size if needed
Drop timer value is secondary
P-CPICH power could be the final parameter for SHO optimization(not
recommended!)
Optimization of active set weighting coefficient to give a stable SHO
performance
Coverage and Capacity issues

>
Coverage-limited & Capacity-limited scenarios
>
Coverage & Capacity enhancement methods
Additional carriers and Scrambling codes

Mast Head Amplifiers
Remote RF Head Amplifiers
Repeaters
Higher-order Receiver Diversity
Transmit Diversity
Beam-forming
Sectorization
Coverage and Capacity issues---Coverage

>
How can coverage be deduced from link budget? link budget Max Path
Losscell rangecoverage
>
Generally, service coverage is uplink limited but system capacity may be

limited by either uplink or downlink.
Service type
Speech Data
Data Data
Uplink bit rate(kbps)
12.2
64
144
384
Maximum transmit power(dBm)
21
21
21
21
Antenna gain(dB)
0
0
2
2
Body loss(dB)
3
0
0
0
Transmit EIRP(dBm)
18
21
23
23
Processing gain
25
17.8 14.3
10
Required Eb/No(dB)
4
2
1.5
1
Target loading (%)
50
50
50
50
Rise over thermal noise(dB)
3
3
3
3
Thermal noise density(dBm/Hz)
-174
-174 -174
-174
Receiver noise figure(dB)
3
3
3
3
Interference floor(dBm/Hz)
-168
-168 -168
-168
Receiver sensitivity(dBm)
-123.1 -117.9 -115 -111.1
Rx antenna gain(dBi)
18.5
18.5 18.5
18.5
Cable loss(dB)
2
2
2
2
Fast fading margin(dB)
3
3
3
3
Soft handover gain(dB)
2
2
2
2
Isotropic power required (dBm) -138.6 -133.4 -130 126.6
Allowed propagation loss(dB)
156.6 -154.4 153.4 149.6
Hint: Its critical to decide

whether a specific area
should be planned for high
data rate service coverage
or not
Different service
type(voice@12.2kbps,
data@64,144,384kbps)
supported with
different link budget
and thus different
coverage range!
Coverage and Capacity issues---Capacity

>
An uplink-limited scenario --- when the maximum uplink load is reached prior
to the base station running out of transmit power.
An downlink-limited scenario --- when the base station runs out of transmit
power and additional users cannot be added without modifying the site
configuration.
> Identifying the limited link:
>
Limiting factor
Uplink limited
Downlink limited
Uplink cell load
BTS transmit power

Planned to a high uplink cell load
Low BTS transmit power
capability
Greater traffic on the downlink
BTS transmit power at maximum
Uplink cell load not at maximum
Improve downlink load equation
Improve downlink link budget
Planned to a low uplink cell load

High BTS transmit power capability
Common reasons Relatively symmetric traffic
BTS transmit power not at maximum
Indications
Uplink cell load at maximum
Solution
Improve uplink load equation
Coverage and Capacity issues---Enhancement

methods
>
Coverage & Capacity enhancement methods
Additional carriers and Scrambling codes
Mast Head Amplifiers
System capacity is maximized by sharing the power across the available

carriers,e.g, two carriers configured with 10W can offer significantly greater
capacity than a single carrier configured with 20W does.
In downlink-limited capacity scenario,the number of supported users depends
on the downlink channelisation code orthogonality. It is especially true when
higher data rate service is supported in micro-cell.
To reduce the composite noise figure of the bse station receiver subsystem.
But brings bad effects when in downlink-limited scenario.
Remote RF Head Amplifiers
To allow the physical separation of base stations RF and baseband modules.

Maintaining the same service coverage performance while increasing cell
capacity.
Difference between remote RF head amplifiers and repeaters .

methods(contd)
>
Coverage & Capacity enhancement methods(contd)
Repeaters
Used for extending the coverage area of an existing cell, low-cost and ease of
installation but introduces delay.
Slight capacity loss in uplink-limited scenario.
Applicable in scenarios where clear cell dominance can be achieved such as
in rural areas or in tunnels.
Remote RF head amplifier
Locating the entire logical
cell at a locatio normally
requiring a long feeder run
Repeater
Extending the coverage

Application
of an existing logical cell
Complete Rx and Tx chain for
Hardware at
Tranmit power amplifiers
both uplink and downlink
remote location and receiver front ends
directions
Connection to BS Optical link
Usually a radio link
Function
Normal RF functions of the BS Non-intelligent retransmission

methods(contd)
>
Higher-order Receiver Diversity
Transmit Diversity
To overcome both the impact of fading across radio channel and increase the
resulting signal-to-interference ratio.
Improves uplink performance,especially beneficial for low-speed mobile
terminals.
Downlink transmit diversity mandatory in 3GPP specifications,e.g. closedloop mode and open-loop mode.
Most effective when time- and multipath- diversity is inadequate,e.g. for
capacity gain in micro-cell scenario.
Beam-forming
An effective technique for improving the downlink performance,especially in

environment with a low transmit element.
High mobile terminal complexity requirement and non-standard functionality
configuration.

methods(contd)
>
Sectorization
A general technique to increase cell capacity where antenna selection is
critical.
May require correspondingly high quantity of hardware with highly
sectorisation.
Usage
for typical
Micro- cell
deployme
nt
Sectorisation level Application

1 sector
Microcell or low-capcity macrocell
Sectored microcell or macrocell
2 sector
providing roadside coverage
Standard macrocell configuration
3 sector
providing medium capacity
Not commonly used but may be
4 or 5 sector
chosen to support a specific traffic scenario
6 sector
High-capacity macrocell configuration
for typical
macro-cell
deploymen
t
CELL DEPLOYMENT
>
Hierarchical Cell Structure(HCS) with two or more (FDD) carriers
>
Continuous macro-cells to provide full coverage as an umbrella layer.

Micro-cells to accommodate hot-spots with increased capacity and higher
bit rates in limited areas.
Typical air interface capacities are about 1Mbps/carrier/cell for a threesectored macro BS and 1.5Mbps/carrier/cell for a micro BS.
Example of WCDMA network evolution

An umbrella macro cell
is best suited for highmobility users
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f2
Capacity
enhancement
f1
f2
Micro layer provides a

very high capacity in a
limited area
f2
f1
f2
f2
f2
f2
f1
f2
f 1, f 2 f 1, f 2 f 1, f 2 f 1, f 2 f 1, f 2 f 1, f 2
Cont i nuous macro l ayer

wi t h f requency f 1

Sel ect ed areas wi t h micro
cel l s wi t h f requency f 2
Conti nuous micro l ayer
No macro l ayer
Both f requenci es
conti nuousl y f 1, f 2
used i n micro l ayer
CELL DEPLOYMENT
>
Case study of frequency reuse in micro- and macro- networks

Reference scenario
f2
f1
f1
f1
f1
Reuse of micro frequency in macro layer
f 1, f 2
f1
f1
f1
f1
macro carrier reuse is not

worth while when micro-cells
locates near macro-cells! Reusing a micro carrier
Continuous macro layer with frequency f2
on all macro-cells does
Continuous micro layer with frequency f1
not bring any
improvements in network
performance!
Continuous macro layer with frequency f1 and f2
Reuse of macro frequency in micro layer
f2
f 1, f 2 f 1, f 2 f 1, f 2 f 1, f 2
Continuous micro layer with frequency f1 and f2
Reuse of macro frequency in selected micro cells
f2
f1
f 1, f 2 f 1, f 2
f1

selected microcells reusing macro frequency f2
Reusing a macro carrier

on all micro-cells can
support 10% more users
than the reference
scenario,but extra
Power Amplifier needed!
Micro-cells do not
benefit from the other
carrier reused from
macro-cells if they
still have unused
capacity on their own
carrier!
WCDMA Radio Network Planning

>
overview
>
Dimensioning
>
Detailed planning
>
Optimization aspects
>
Adjacent carrier interference
>
WCDMA & GSM Co-Planning
WCDMA Radio Network Planning---Network

planning process overview
Definition
Network
Confi gurati on
and
Di m
ensi oni ng
Requi rem
ents
and strategy
for coverage,
qual i ty and
capaci ty per
servi ce
Planning and Implementation
Coverage
pl anni ng
and si te
sel ecti on
Propagati on
m
easurem
ents
coverage
predi cti on
Capaci ty
Requi rem
ents
Param
eter
pl anni ng
Network
Opti misati on
Traffi c
di stri buti on
al l owed
bl ocki ng/
qeui ng System
features
Area/ Cel l
speci fi c
setti ng
Survey
Measurements
External
I nterference
Anal ysi s
Si te
acqui si ti on
Coverage
opti m
i sati on
O&M
I denti fi cati on
Adaptati on
Handover
Strategi es
Maxi m
um
l oadi ng
Other RRM
Stati sti cal

performance
anal ysi s
Qual i ty
Effi ci ency
Avai l abl i ty

---Dimensioning(1)
>
What is Dimensioning?
--- to estimate the required site density and site configurations for
the area of interest
Radio Link Budget(RLB) and coverage analysis;
Capacity estimation
Estimation of the amount of base station hardware and sites,radio
network controllers,equipment at different interfaces and core
network elements
Knowledge of service distribution,traffic density, traffic growth
estimates and QoS requirements are essential

---Dimensioning(2)
>
Coverage analysis:
for the single-cell case*:
1
1 2ab
1 ab
Fuu 1 erf ( a ) exp(
)
(
1
erf
(
))
2
b22
b
x00 Prr
2
10 n log10
e
10
2
where
where
Prr is the received level at the cell edge,n is the propagation
constant, x0 is the average signal strength threshold and is the standard
deviation of the field strength and erf is the error function.
for a typical macro-cellular environment
using Okumura-Hata model, the following formular gives an example for an

urban macro-cell with base station antenna height of 25m, mobile station
antenna height of 1.5m and carrier frequency of 1950 MHz:
Lpp 138.5 35.7 log10
(r)
10
where r is the maximum cell range and Lpis the max path loss.
Microwave Mobile Communications, Jakes,W.C, John Wiley& Sons, 1974,126pp

---Dimensioning(3)
>
Capacity estimation
>
WCDMA capacity and coverage are connected in terms of interference

margin.
Knowledge and vision of subscriber distribution and growth is a must.
Site configurations such as channel elements,sectors and carriers and site
density can be determined.
Capacity refinement may be obtained in late network optimization.
RNC dimensioning
RNC dimensioning limited factors:
Maximum number of cells(a cell is identified by a frequency and a

scrambling code)
Maximum number of Node B under one RNC
Maximum Iub throughput
Amount and type of interfaces(e.g. STM-1,E1)

---Dimensioning(4)
>
RNC dimensioning(contd)
The number of RNCs needed to connect a certain number of cells

numRNCs
The number of RNCs needed according to the number of BTSs to be

connected
numBTSs
numRNCs
numCells
cellsRNC fillrate1
btsRNC fillrate2
the number of RNCs to support the Iub throughput

numRNCs
voiceTP CSdataTP PSdataTP

numSubs
tpRNC fillrate3
>
Supported traffic (upper limit of RNC processing ability)
>
Required traffic(lower limit of RNC processing ability)
>
RNC transmission interface to Iub
WCDMA Radio Network Planning ---Detailed

Planning(1)
>
Using Radio Network Planning(RNP) tools
>
To find an optimum trade-off between

quality,capacity and coverage criteria for all
the services in an operators service
portfolio.
Integrated tools for dimensioning,network
planning and optimization.
I ni ti al i ze i terati ons
I ni ti al i sati on phase
Upl i nk i terati on step

Downl i nk i terati on step
Using Static simulator *
Gl obal i ni ti al i zati on
Combi ned UL/ DL i terati on
Static simulator flow

Post processi ng
Graphi cal outputs
Coverage anal ysi s

Post Processi ng phase
* Static simulator for studying WCDMA radio network planning issues,Wacker.A, Laihosteffens.J,Sipila.K and Jasberg.M,VTC99Spring pp2436-2440

Planning(2)
>
Example of RNP tool workflow

Defining service
requirements
Creating a plan/
load maps
Importing/creating
and editing sites and
cells
A
A plan
plan usually
usually includes
includes parameter
parameter settings
settings for
for
the
the planned
planned network
network elements such as:
Digital
Digital map&
map& its
its properties
properties
Target
Target planning
planning area
area propagation
propagation models
models
Antenna
Antenna models
models
Selected
Selected radio
radio access
access technology
technology
BTS
BTS types
types and
and site/cell
site/cell templates
templates
Importing
measurements
Site location,site ground height number of

cells and antenna direction
Importing/
generating and
refining traffic layers
Traffic
Traffic planning:
planning:
Bearer
Bearer service
service type
type and
and bit
bit rate,
rate,
average
packet
call
size
average packet call size and
and retransmission
retransmission rate,
rate,
busy-hour
traffic
amount
and
busy-hour traffic amount and traffic
traffic density
density for
for
each
each service,
service,
mobile
mobile list
list and
and WCDMA
WCDMA calculation
calculation
To
To verify
verify that
that the
the planned
planned coverage, capacity and QoS criteria
can
be
met
with
te
can be met with te current
current network
network deployment
deployment and
and parameter
parameter
settings:
settings:
Run
Run UL/DL
UL/DL iterations
iterations to
to calculate
calculate tx
tx powers
powers for
for MS
MS and
and BS
BS
Snapshot
analysis
for
interference
and
coverage
estimation
Snapshot analysis
Optimizing
Optimizing dominance
dominance
Link loss calculation
WCDMA
calculations
Analysis
Propagation model
tuning
Propagation
Propagation models:
models:
Macro
Macro cell---Okumura-Hata
cell---Okumura-Hata model
model
Micro
Micro cell---Walfisch-Ikegami
cell---Walfisch-Ikegami model
model
A
A WCDMA
WCDMA cell
cell template
template may
may include cell layer
type,channel
model,Tx/Rx
type,channel model,Tx/Rx diversity
options,power
options,power settings,
settings, maximum acceptable
load,
propagation
load, propagation model,antenna
model,antenna infomation
infomation
and
cable
losses
and cable losses
Quality of Service
Neighbour cell
generation
reporting
Cite/BTS
Cite/BTS hardware
hardware template
template may
may include:
include:
Maximum
Maximum number
number of
of wideband
wideband signal
signal
processors
processors
Maximum
Maximum number
number of
of channel
channel units
units
Noise
Noise figure
figure
Available
Available Tx/Rx
Tx/Rx diversity
diversity types

Planning(3)---UL/DL iteration steps
i ni t i al i zat i on
Gl obal i ni t i al i zat i on
Set ol dThr eshol ds t o t he

def aul t / new cover age t hr eshol ds
I ni t i al i ze del t a_C/ I _ol d
I f no convergence
Al l ocate t he CPI CH powers
Cal cul at e new cover age

t hr eshol ds
Cal cul at e t he recei ved Perch l evel s and

det ermine t he best server i n DL
Check UL l oadi ng and possi bl y m

ove
MSs t onew/ ot her car ri er or out age
Cal cul at e t he MS sensi ti vi ti es

Det ermine t he SHO connecti ons
Eval uat e UL br eak cr i t eri on

Cal cul at e i ni t i al TX powers f or al l l i nks
Connect MSs t o best ser ver , cal cul at e

needed MS TxPower and SHO gai ns
Cal cul at e t arget C/ I s
Cal cul at e adj ust ed MS Tx

power s, check MSs f or out age
UL i t erat i on st ep
Cal cul at e new I =I _ot h/ I _own
Check CPI CH Ec/ I o cal cul ate t he

C/ I f or each connect i on
cal cul at e C/ I f or each MS
Adj ust TX powers of

Check UL and DL break
each remai ni ng l i nk
cri t eri a
accordi ng t o del ta_C/ I
I f not f ul fi l l ed
DL i t er at i on st ep
conver gence
f ul fi l l ed
Post processi ng
END
UL iteration steps
Update del t a_C/ I _ol d
Post processi ng
END
DL iteration steps
>
WCDMA Radio Network Planning ---Adjacent

Channel Interference
Adjacent Channel Interference(ACI) situation
Adjacent Channel Leakage Power Ratio(ACLR)
Adjacent Channel Selectivity(ACS)
the ratio of the transmitted power to the power measured in an adjacent channel
the ratio of the receive filter attenuation on the assigned channel frequency to the
receive filter attenuation on the adjacent channels
Adjacent Channel Protection(ACP)
The ratio of adjacent channel power received by the base station as adjacent channel
Rx
Rx
interference power
UL adjacent channel
interference situation
0dB
0dB
BS ACP
BS ACP
f1
f2
BS sel ect i vi t y
want ed si gnal
Tx
f2
want ed si gnal
Tx
0dB
0dB
NodeB@frequency1
MS l eakage
MS ACLR
NodeB@
f requency2
MS ACLR
f1
f1
f2
f1
f2
WCDMA Radio Network Planning ---Adjacent

Channel Interference
DL adjacent channel
interference situation
Tx
Tx
0dB
0dB
BS ACLR
BS ACLR
f1
f2
BS l eakage
want ed si gnal
Rx
NodeB@
f requency1
f2
wanted si gnal
Rx
0dB
0dB
MS sel ect i vi ty
MS ACP
NodeB@
f requency2
MS ACP
f1
>
f1
f2
f1
f2
Worst ACI cases---when a macro MS is coming too close to a micro

BS
Minimum Coupling Loss(MCL)
the smallest path loss between the transmitters and receivers

For a micro BS and MS, MCL is about 53dB
For a macro BS and MS, MCL
is about 70dB
WCDMA Radio Network Planning ---Example of

Worst ACI case
>
Worst ACI case when sites of different operators not coFor uplink scenario, with a maximum MS power of 21dBm,
located
53dB for MCL to the micro BS and coupoing between the
For downlink scenario, supposing the micro BS is transmitting with a

minimum power of 0.5W(27dBm); then the received interference at the
MS in the adjacent channel is
Operat or 1 Macro Cel l
27dBm 53dB( MCL) 32.7dB ( ACS ) 58.7dBm
Assuming speech service (processing gain of Gp=25dB) with an Eb/No

requirement at the Ms of 5dB and an allowed noise rise in the macro cell
of 6 dB, the maximum allowed propagation loss Lp to keep the uplink
connection working is
L p 21dBm 5dB 25dB ( 103dBm 6dB ) 138dB
if we further consider a DL Tx Eb/No requirement of 8dB, the transmit

power would need to be p 58.7dBm 8dB 25dB 138dB
tx
Operat or 2 Mi cro Cel l

hi gh TX power
carriers of C=32.7dB,the received level at the micro BS and be

estimated as 21dBm 53dB 32.7dB 64.7dBm
if the background noise level is dBm, the micro BS would
suffer a 38.4 dB noise rise form one macro user, which is
located in the radio sense at the MCL distance form the micro
BS, i.e. such a macro user would completely block the micro
BS.
Operat or 2 Mi cro Cel l
62.3dBm
si gnal
si gnal
ACI
Dead Zone
f or Operat or 1
This simple example shows that clearly in these

cases the DL is the weaker link, i.e. before coming
too close to a micro BS, the connection of a macro
BS will be dropped due to insufficient DL power and
it cannot block the micro BS.
Operat or 1
Assuming ACS and ACLR of values 33dB and 45dB
MS
respectively, the coupling C between the carriers can
be calculated as:
33 / 10
C 10 log10 (10
ACI
Operat or 1 MS
Max. TX power
1045 / 10 ) 32.7dB
WCDMA Radio Network Planning ---Optimization

aspects(1)
>
Guidelines for Radio Network Planning to avoid ACI in multioperator environment
Base station and antenna locations
Base station configuration
Co-locate BSs
Deploy the antennas in a position as high as possible
Optimum antenna beam-width
desensitisation---increasing the noise figure
Inter-frequency handovers
Inter-system handovers
Guard bands
WCDMA Radio Network Planning ---Optimization

aspects(2)
>
Site locations and configurations
>
Antenna installations(cable losses)

Optimum antenna tilting angle and correct antenna selection
Optimum sectorisation regarding to number of users and SHO overhead.*
Usage of mast head amplifier(MHA)**
Used in uplink direction to compensate for the cable losses

Improved uplink coverage probability
May have negative effect on downlink performance in case of downlinklimited scenario
* The impact of the base station sectorisation on WCDMA Radio Network Performance,A.Wacker,J.Laiho-Steffens,K.Sipila,K.Heiska,VTC99A
** The impact of the Radio Network Planning and Site Configuration on the WCDMA Network Capacity and Quality of Service,J.Laiho-Steff
P.Aikio,VTC2000
WCDMA-GSM Co-Planning Issues

>
Examples of maximum path losses with existing GSM and WCDMA system
GSM900/ GSM1800/ WCDMA/ WCDMA/ WCDMA/
speech
speech
speech
144kbps 384kbps
Mobile transmission power[dBm]
Receiver sensitivity[dBm]
Interference margin[dB]
Fast fading margin[dB]
Base station antenna gain[dBi]

Body loss[dB]
5
6
Mobile antenna gain[dBi]

Relative gain from lower
frequency compared to UMTS
7
frequency[dB]
Maximum path loss[dB]
33
30
21
21
21
-110
-110
-124
-117
-113
16
18
18
18
18
11
164
154
156
154
150
1
WCDMA sensitivity assuems 4.0dB base station noise figure and Eb/No of 5dB for 12.2kbps speech,1.5dB for 144kbps and 1.0dB for 384kbps
data.GSM sensitivity is assumed to be -110dBm with receive antenna diversity.
2
WCDMA interference margin corresponds to 37% loading of the pole capacity.An interference margin of 1.0dB is reserved for GSM900 because the
small amount of spectrum in 900MHz does not allow large reuse factors.
3
The fast fading margin for WCDMA includes the macro diversity gain against fast fading.
4
The atenna gain assumes three-sector configuration in both GSM and WCDMA.
5
The body loss accounts for the loss when the terminal is close to the user's head.
6
A 2.0dBi antenna gain is assumed for the data terminal.
7
The attenuation in 900MHz is assumed to be 11.0dB lower than in UMTS band and in GSM1800 band 1.0dB lower than in UMTS band.
WCDMA-GSM Co-Planning Issues---interference

issues
>
Interference between the two system is the main issue
Radio frequency issue

Second harmonics of GSM900 could probably fall into WCDMA uplink
band
Third-order inter-modulation products of PCS 1800 could be problematic
Second-order harmonic
distortion from GSM900
falling into WCDMA band
f GSM=950~960MHz
GSM 900
935~960MHz
UTRA UTRA FDD

TDD 1920~1980
1900~1920MHz
WCDMA-GSM Co-Planning Issues ---interference

issues
Interference mechanisms from GSM system to WCDMA system
Adjacent Channel Interference(ACI):depends on Tx/Rx filter and spatial and

spectral distance between the own and adjacent carrier,the cell type and the
power levels used.
Wideband Noise(WB):from all out-of-band emission components.
Cross-modulation(XMD): depends on non-linearity of the MS receiver,the
duplex isolation and the transmitting mobile power.
XMD is
proportional
proportional to
to
Inter-Modulation Distortion(IMD):caused by non-linearities of RF the
the square
square of
of
transmitting
transmitting
components of transmitter or receiver.
W
CDMA BS
GSM BS
WB emissi on
f romGSM BS
Typically
Typically in
in
micro-cells
micro-cells
and
and could
could be
be
reduced
reduced by
by
guard
guard band.
band.
Crossmodul at i on
( XMD)
Third-order IMD with

mixture of products of
the GSM carrier
frequencies f1 and f2:
2f1-f2 or 2f2-f1
ACI f rom
GSM BS
ACI t o WCDMA BS
I MD at t he
WCDMA MS
power
power and
and very
very
sensitive
sensitive to
to the
the Tx
Tx
power
power of
of the
the MS!
MS!
WCDMA-GSM Co-Planning Issues

Eval uat e t he qual i t y of
t he exi st i ng 2G net work
Space avai l abl e f or onet o- one reuse
Antenna sharing and co-located

sites could be preferable.
Assure t he coverage f or
al l W
CDMA servi ces
Urban area
Defi ne t raffi c
di st ri but i on rul es
bet ween syst ems
Defi ne handover rul es

bet ween syst ems
Run combi ned 2G and

W
CDMA anal ysi s
GSM
WCDMA
rural area
GSM
WCDMA
Handover
GSM WCDMA for
capacity extension or
service optimization
GSM
GSM
GSM
WCDMA
Handover WCDMA-GSM
for coverage extension
Co-existing TDD & FDD modes ---UTRA TDD

mode
Rather low
>
Some key parameters for the UTRA FDD and TDD modes
Frame structure
Frame length
Chip rate
Uplink spreading factors
Number of parallel UL
codes per user
Downlink spreading factors
Number of parallel DL
codes per user
Modulation
Power control update rate

Handover
Dynamic channel allocation
Intra-cell interference
cancellation
UTRA FDD
15 slots/frame
10 ms
3.84 Mcps
4~512
UTRA TDD
15 slots/frame
10 ms
3.84 Mcps
1~16
4~512
1 or 2
1~ 16
1~6
QPSK
1500Hz
soft and hard
N/A
support for advanced
receivers at base station
1~16
QPSK
theretically up to 800Hz;in
practice, only 100Hz in DL
and 100Hz or possibly 200Hz
in UL
hard only
slow and fast
support for joint detection
spreading factors
makes it inadequate
to reuse all the
timeslots in all the
cells.That is,network
must control which
slots and directions
are used in which
cells.
Not as fast as to
follow fast fading
pattern!
Co-existing TDD & FDD modes---Example of TDD

RLB uplink/downlink
Voice
Voice
NRT data NRT data
Example TDD link budget for

Voice NRT data
Example TDD link budget for 12.2kbps 12.2kbps 128kbps 128kbps
downlink(No TxD)
12.2kbps 128kbps
uplink(RxD=receive diversity) RxD
No RxD RxD
No RxD
Transmitter(mobile)
Transmitter(mobile)
Max.Tx Power(dBm)
24
24
Max.Tx Power(dBm)
21
21
24
24
MS antenna gain(dBi)
2
2
2
2
BS antenna gain(dBi)
4
4
Body loss(dB)
3
3
0
0
Cable loss in BS(dB)
0
0
EIRP(dBm)
20
20
26
26
EIRP(dBm)
28
28
Receiver(base station)
Receiver(mobile)
Number of used slots in TDD
1
1
1
1
-174
-174
-174
-174
Number of used slots in TDD
1
1
Base station receiver noise
-174
-174
figure(dB)
5
5
5
5
Mobile station receiver noise
Desensitisation
0
0
0
0
Wfigure(dB)
k chips _ in _ slot midamble guard
9 _ period
9
GP
Receiver noise density
RReceiver
15
chips _ in _ slot -165
noise density(dBm/Hz)
-165
(dBm/Hz)
-169
-169
-169
-169
Receiver noise power(dBm)
-99.1
-99.1
Receiver noise power(dBm)
-103.2
-103.2
-103.2
-103.2
Interference margin(dB)
8
8
8
8
Interference margin(dB)
8
8
power(dBm)
power(dBm)
-95.9
-95.9
-95.9
-95.9
-91.9
-91.9
Greater
Eb/No difference
Total effective
noise
Total effective noise
between
with or without RxD!
+interference(dBm)
-91.1
-91.1
+interference(dBm)
-95.2
-95.2
-95.2
-95.2
Processing gain(dB)
12
12
2.4
2.4
Processing gain(dB)
12
2.4
Required Eb/No(dB)
1.7
8.6
0.3
6.4
Required Eb/No(dB)
9.4
6.7
-105.5
-98.6
-97.3
-91.2
-93.7
-86.8
BS antenna gain(dBi)
4
4
4
4
Mobile antenna gain(dBi)
Cable loss in the base
2
2
Smaller Max path loss than that
station(dB)
0
0
0
0
Body loss(dB)
3
0
of FDD
scenario TDD cells
Fast fading margin
Fast fading margin
have smaller radius!
(TPC headroom) (dB)
6.3
6.3
3.4
3.4
(TPC headroom) (dB)
5.5
3.1
Max.path loss(dB)
123.2
116.3
123.9
117.8
Max.path loss(dB)
115.2
113.7
Co-existing TDD & FDD modes--- TDD/TDD

interference
>
Interference scenarios
>
TDD-TDD Interference scenarios/solutions
MS to MS interference---when MS1 is transmitting while MS2 is
receiving, especially at cell borders.

Cannot be avoided by network planning,but may benefit from
DCA and radio resource management
Power control
BS to BS interference---when BS1 is transmitting while BS2 is

receiving
depends heavily on BS locations.
Could be avoided by providing sufficient coupling loss
between base stations
BSs better be synchronized and of same asymmetry.
Co-existing TDD & FDD modes --- TDD/FDD

interference
>
TDD-FDD Interference scenarios/solutions

UTRA TDD
UTRA FDD/ UL
Tx/ Rx
1900
1920
Sat el l i te
1980
Interference mainly
between TDD and FDD/UL
frequency bands!
UTRA
TDD
Tx/ Rx
2010
2025 ( MHz)
TDD MS to FDD BS
To make FDD/BS less sensitive,especially for small pico cells
To place BS antenna as high as possible from TDD MSs
FDD MS to TDD BS
Inter-frequency or inter-system may be helpful
FDD MS to TDD MS
Use downlink power control of TDD BS to compensate for the interference
from FDD MS
Inter-system/inter-frequency handover
Co-existing TDD & FDD modes

>
UTRA TDD
Advantage in the unpaired spectrum operation

Better utilized for asymmetric service at high data rate
Can build stand-alone wide-area TDD network(?) or serve as a separate
capacity-enhancing layer in the network
Lower Max. Path loss compared with FDD scenario
Lower cell breathing and thus more stable service coverage
Requires strict synchronization especially in uplink
Low-rate services often goes to code-limited cases while high-rate
services goes to interference-limited cases
From the service point of view, UTRA TDD is most suited for small cells
and high data rate services!
Thanks!

WCDMA Radio Network Planning and Optimization: Song Pengpeng

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WCDMA Radio Network Planning and

WCDMA Fundamentals(including link budget

Radio Resource Utilization

Coverage and Capacity issues

WCDMA Radio Network Planning(including WCDMA-GSM

Co-existing TDD & FDD modes

All rights reserved 2004

WCDMA network infrastructure

WCDMA radio interface protocol architecture

WCDMA link level characteristics & indicators

WCDMA link budget analysis

All rights reserved 2004

WCDMA Network infrastructure

All rights reserved 2004

WCDMA Radio Interface protocol architecture

Radi o Resource Control

Logi cal Channel s

Medi a Access Cont rol Subl ayer ( MAC)

Physi cal l ayer ( PHY)

All rights reserved 2004

Mapping between Trch and PHY channels

Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH)

Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)

Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH)

Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P -CCPCH)

Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S -CCPCH)

User data t ransmissi on,

Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)

Si gnal i ng and Cont rol

Access Preamble Acquisition Indicator Channel (AP-AICH)

Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)

All rights reserved 2004

WCDMA link level indicators

Average block error rate calculated for the transport blocks

User information bit rate

Average Power Rise

All rights reserved 2004

Mostly used in downlink, G reflects the distance of the MS from the BS

Also referred as TPC headroom or multipath fading margin

WCDMA Radio Network Planning---Example of link budget

RF link budget components:

All rights reserved 2004

WCDMA Radio Network Planning---Example of

Closely related with the loading of the cell which

A headroom for mobile station to maintain

RADIO RESOURCE UTILIZATION

Radio Resource Management

Basic RRM functions

RADIO RESOURCE UTILIZATION---power

UMTS Power Control(PC) summary

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RADIO RESOURCE UTILIZATION---power

Uplink/Downlink inner- and outer- loop power

SIR estimates Vs target Sir

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RADIO RESOURCE UTILIZATION---handover

Event 1A: A P-CPICH enters the reporting range

M i (1 W ) 10 log10 M Best ( R1a H 1a 2)

10 log10 M new W 10 log10

Event 1B: A P-CPICH leaves the reporting range

10 log10 M old W 10 log10

(1 W ) 10 log10 M Best ( R1b H 1b 2)

Event 1C: A non-active PCPICH becomes better than drop window