Two-Phase Flow

By :
GROUP : Abdul-Majeed et.al

Tow-Phase Flow:
Tow- phase flow in horizontal pipes

differs markedly from that in vertical

pipes; except for the Beggs and Brill
correlation (Beggs and Brill,1973) ,
which can be applied for any flow
direction, completely different
correlations are used for horizontal
flow than for vertical flow.

A : Flow regimes

The flow regime does not affect the pressure drop as

significantly in horizontal flow as it dose in vertical flow, because

there is no potential energy contribution to the pressure drop in
horizontal flow.

The flow regime is considered in some pressure drop correlations

and can affect production operations in other ways.

Figure 10-1 (Beggs and Brill, 1973) depicts the commonly

described flow regimes in horizontal gas-liquid flow. These can

be classified as three types of regimes: segregated flows, in
which the two phases are for the most part separate;
intermittent flows, in which gas and liquid are alternating; and
distributive flows, in which one phase is dispersed in the other
phase.

Figure (10-1) :

:flow regimes in two phase horizontal flow

 segregated flow is further classified as being stratified

smooth, stratified wavy (ripple flow), or annular. At

higher gas rates, the interface becomes wavy, and
stratified wavy flow results. Annular flow occurs at
high gas rates and relatively high liquid rates and
consists of an annulus of liquid coating the wall of the
pipe and a central core of gas flow, with liquid droplets
entrained in the gas.

The intermittent flow regimes are slug flow and plug

(also called elongated bubble)flow. Slug flow consists

of large liquid slugs alternating with high-velocity
bubbles of gas that fill almost the entire pipe. In plug
flow, large gas bubbles flow along the top of the pipe.
Distributive flow regimes described in the literature
include bubble, mist ,and froth flow.

 Shown in fig. (10-2) The axes for this plot are

Gl / and Gl / Gg , where Gl and Gg are the

mass fluxes of liquid and gas, respectively
(lbm/hr-ft2) and the parameters and are

= [ (g /0.075) (L /62.4) ]1/2

= 73/L [ L (62.4/L )2 ]1/3
Where densities are in lbm/ft3 , is in cp, and

l is in dynes/cm.

 The Beggs and Brill correlation :

is based on a horizontal flow regime map

that divides the domain into the three flow
regime categories, segregated, intermittent
and distributed. This map, shown in Fig. 10-4,
plots the mixture Froude number defined as
NFr=

um2 / g D

Versus the input liquid fraction,

l.

Taitel and Dukler (1976):

developed a theoretical model of the
flow regime transitions in horizontal
gas-liquid flow; their model can be used
to generate flow regime maps for
particular fluids and pipe size. Figure
10-5 shows a comparison of their flow
regime prediction with those of
Mandhane et al. for air-water flow in a
2.5-cm pipe.

:Example

Using the Baker, mandhane, and Beggs and

Brill flow regime maps, determine the flow

regime for the flow of qo= 2000 bbl/day of oil
and qg= 1MM scf/day of gas at 800 psia and
1750F in a 2-1/2 in. I.D. pipe. The fluids are
Given:
-for liquid: =49.92 lbm/ft3 ; l=2 cp ;
l=30 dynes/cm; ql=0.130 ft3/sec.
-for gas: =2.61 lbm/ft3 ; g=0.0131 cp ;

Z=0.935 ; qg=0.242 ft3/sec.

:Solution

-cross sectional are = (/4)*(D/12)2

=(/4)*(2.5/12)2=0.0341 ft2
usl= ql/A = 0.13/0.0341 =3.812 ft/sec
usg= qg/A

=0.242/0.0341=7.1 ft/sec

go to fig.(10-3): the flow regime is predicted to

be slug flow.
um= usl+usg= 10.9 ft/sec

 for using Baker map, we calculation: G l, Gg, , and .

Gl= usl l= 3.81(ft/sec) * 49.92(lbm/ft3) * 3600(sec/hr)

= 6.84* 105 lbm/hr-ft2

Gg= usgg= 7.11(ft/sec) * 2.6(lbm/ft3) * 3600(sec/hr)

= 6.65* 104 lbm/hr-ft2

=[(2.6/0.075)(49.92/62.4)]1/2 = 5.27
=(73/30)[2(62.4/49.92)2]1/3 = 3.56
The coordinates for the baker map are

Gg/ =(6.65*104)/5.27 = 1.26*104

Gl/Gg= (6.84*105)(5.27)(3.56)/(6.65*104)= 193
Reading from fig. 10-2, the flow regime is predicted to be

dispersed bubble, though the conditions are very near the

boundaries with slug flow and annular mist flow.

 For using Beggs and Brill, calculation NFr , l .

NFr= (10.9 ft/sec)2/(32.17ft/sec2)[(2.5/12)ft]

=17.8

l =usl/um
=3.81/10.9
= 0.35

From fig. (10-4): the flow regime is predicted

to be intermittent.

B: Pressure gradient correlations:

Begs and brill correlation: The Beggs and

Brill correlation presented in applied to

horizontal flow. The correlation is somewhat
simplified, since the angle is 0, making the
factor equal to 1. This correlation is
presented in section

Ptotal=Pf+Pel

 Eaton correlation: The Eaton correlation (Eaton et

al., 1967) was developed empirically from a series of

tests in 2-in.- and 4-in.-diameter, 1700-ft-long lines. It
consists primarily of correlations for liquid holdup
and friction factor.
2
m
m

fp u
p
(
)F
x
2g c D

The friction factor( f ) is obtained from the correlation

shown in Fig. 10-6 as a function of the mass flow rate

of the liquid, ml, and the total mass flow rate, mm' For
the constant given in this figure to compute the
abscissa, mass flow rates are in Ibm/sec, diameter is
in ft, and viscosity is in lbm/ft-sec.

Example 7.5:
Two gas-condensate wells feed into a 4-in.
gathering line 2.10 mi long. Well A will flow at
the rate of 3 MMcfd, and well B will flow at
the rate of 1 MMcfd. The following data are
:available on each well

* Gallons per Mcf of gas The

summation of the uphill rises in
the line is 143 ft. The initial
pressure at the wells is 900 psig.
What is the pressure drop in the
line?

SOLUTION:
Gas:

Line diameter = 12
= 0.6667 ft.
Line length = 5 5280 = 26400 ft.

QGS

(10 6 4) 1000
24

= 833.3333 Mcf/hr.

Assume an average pressure in the pipeline of 1350 psig or 1365 psia.

Assume an average temperature in the pipeline of 60 F or 520 R.
Calculate the weighted average specific gravity of the commingled gas

(10 0.60) (6 0.70) (4 0.80)

Sstream:

G
(10 6 4)

= 0.67

Ma
Ma
g

Calculate the gas viscosity. The molecular weight of the gas is: M air 28.97
Ma = g 28.97 = 0.67 28.97 = 19.2099
From Fig.(2.10) 1 = 0.0099 cp.

Tpc 170.5 307.3 g

= 170.5 + 307.3 0.67 = 376 R.

Ppc 709.6 58.7 g

= 709.6 58.7 0.67 = 670 psia.

Tpr

T 520

Tpc 376

1.38

2.04

P 1365
P

(2.11) / = 1.36
From
pr
Fig.
1
Ppc 670
Calculate the gas viscosity at pipeline conditions:

G 1 0.0099 1.36
1

From Fig. 2.4, Z = 0.755

= 0.013464 cp.

 Calculate the gas volume at pipeline conditions:

14.7 T

QGPL QGS
Z
p 520
14.7 520
QGPL 833.3333

0.755
1365 520
ft3/hr.

=6.776 Mcf/hr = 6776

Calculate the density of the gas at pipeline conditions:

p
G 2.701 S G
T Z

G 2.701 0.67

1365
520 0.755

= 6.2919 Lbm/ft3.

Liquid:
Assume that the average composition of the

condensate is normal octane (n-C 8H18).

From Table( 2-2):Tpc = 564.22 R, Ppc = 360.6

psia,

Ma = 114.232 and

L L 62.4

3
40.56 lbm
/ft
T
520
T pr

T pc
564.22

Ppr

P
1365

Ppc
360.6

L = 0.65.
=0.65 62.4 =

=0.9216
= 3.785

 From Fig. (7.11) 0.014

0.014 M a 0.014 114.232

0.1496 cp.
From a plot of GPM vs. pressure (Fig. 7.17),

the GPM at 1350 psig is 4 for well A , 3.125

for well B and 3.437 for well C:
QLPL = 10000 4 + 6000 3.125 + 4000
3.437 = 72498 gal/day = 403.8155 ft3/hr
gal/day = 0.005570023 1
cuf/hr

 Two-phase:
Calculate , the input liquid-volume ratio:

QLPL
403.8155 = 0.0562

QLPL QGPL
403.8155 6776

Calculate

VM

VM, the mixture velocity:

Q QLPL QGPL
403.8155 6776

=20566.5996 ft3/hr

A
2
2
D
0.6667
= 5.7134 ft/s.
4
4

cuf / hr = 0.0002778 1
cuf / sec

TP

TP L G (1 )
0.1496 0.0562 0.013464 (1 0.0562)

Calculate

, the mixture velocity:

= 0.0211 cp = 0.0000142 Lbm/ft-s

 # Now, calculate the two-phase Reynolds

number. This is a trial and error calculation.

Assume a value for , the liquid hold-up.
Assume :RL 0.03
Calculate , the two-phase density:

TP

L 2
RL

G (1 ) 2
1 RL

40.56 0.0562 2
6.2919 (1 0.0562) 2

0.03
1 0.03

=10.0481 Lbm/ft3.

D VM TP 0.6667 5.7134 10.0481

ReTP

TP
0.0000142
= 2695384.271

From Fig. (7.15)

RL : 0.07

This is not a close

enough check, and the calculation must be
repeated with
RLthe
new value of

TP

L 2
RL

G (1 ) 2

1 RL

40.56 0.0562 2
6.2919 (1 0.0562) 2

0.07
1 0.07

7.8565 Lbm/ft3.
Re TP

D VM TP 0.6667 5.7134 7.8565

TP
0.0000142

2107491.618

R L 0.07

From Fig.( 7.15) :

0.125

This
checks.
0.125
f o 0.00140the
single-phase
0.00140friction

Calculate
0.32
factor:
(2107491.61
8) 0.32

Re TP

 Determine the friction factor ratio

f TP / f o 2.516
from Fig. (7.14):

Calculate the two-phase friction factor:

f TP
f TP f o f 0.00118 2.516
=
o
0.00298

2
Calculate
due to friction:
2 the
f TP pressure
L VM drop
TP
p F
144 g c D
2 0.00298 26400 (5.7134 ) 2 7.8565

144 32.2 0.6667

= 13.0533 psi

 Next, the pressure drop due to elevation changes must

be considered.
Calculate VSG , then superficial gas velocity:
=19409.8691 ft3/hr = 5.3916
QGPL
6776
VftSG3/s.

D2
0.6667 2
4
4
From Fig. (7.16): 0.37
Calculate the elevation pressure drop:

L H 0.37 40.56 130

psi
pE

144
144
Calculate the total pressure drop:

ptotal p F p E p A 13.0533 13.5482 0

=26.6015 psi.

=13.5482

Two-Phas e Flow The Drama (2).flv

THANK
YOU
FOR ALL
: note
.example two phase not found in