Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Generator Frequency f = PN ,
120
Where P = No. of Poles & N = RPM
A ir g a p
R o to r
w in d in g
L a m in a te d
M a g n e tic
s ta to r c o re
R o to r
S ta to r w in d in g
s lo t
S im p lifie d tw o p o le G e n e r a to r c r o s s s e c tio n
AC GENERATOR
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
EXCITER
A.C
EX2100
GENERATOR ROTOR
D.C
ROTATING
DIODE
GENERATOR PROTECTION
INTRODUCTION
Protection may be classiffied as
voltage based / current based /
power based.
Protection Function operates on :
Lower limit
Upper limit
G ENERATO R
PT
TRAFO .
NG T
C1
C2
T h ir d h a r m o n ic c u r r n t
C3
F a u lt o n
N e u tra l
L in e -1
S lo p e = m 1
F u ll lo a d
VL3
L in e -2
S lo p e = m 2
N o lo a d
F a u lt o n
P hase
VN3
Generator differential
protection
CTs
CTs
GEN
Ia _ B IA S
Ib _ B IA S
Ic _ B IA S
D
I
F
F
D
I
F
F
D
I
F
F
Diff. Current
Generator differential
protection
T R IP
P e r c e n ta g e b ia s - K 2
N O T R IP
Is 1
K1
Is 2
M e a n b ia s c u r r e n t
11 KV Cable fault.
Cause :
Mechanical damage- unprotected / running
near Hot surface, Electrical damage
improper termination /jointing , quality of
insulating material.
Effect :
phase to ground or multi phase short circuit.
Protection Functions to operate:
Stator earth fault, overall differential,
voltage restraint over current, back up
impedance.
STABLE
O PERATE
-P
Unbalance loading.
Cause :
Single phase / non-linear load on generator.
Unsymmetrical faults in the power system.
Mal operation of the circuit breaker poles.
Effect :
Causes dangerous heating of the cylindrical
rotor of turbo-generator.
Protection Functions to operate:
Negative phase sequence protection.
Unbalance loading
(NPS)
T
tm a x
K = II 2n
2
*t
tm in
I2
I2 > >
and
I2 = Ia+aIb+aIc
3
C u rre n t p ic k u p
le v e l
I>
K I>
V s2
V s1
V o lta g e le v e l
Effect :
It may damage the bearing due to high
vibration
End users will get affected
RV
RV
ROTOR
W NDG.
IE
R
R
R V = C o u p lin g R e s is te r ,
C E = E a r th C a p a c ita n c e ,
R m = M e a s u r in g s h u n t,
U
TEST
PB
Um
Rm
M e a s u re m e n t
M o d u le
Low
Pass
F ilte r
U H = A u x . V o lta g e
R E = E a r tth R e s is ta n c e ,
R = T e s t s e r ie s r e s is ta n c e
Generator Transformer
winding Inter turn short /
insulation failure.
Cause :
Over heating, over voltage/surges,
quality of insulating material.
Effect :
Phase to phase and inter turn fault.
Phase to ground or multi phase short
circuit.
Protection Functions to operate:
Restricted earth fault, overall differential,
Buchholz, PRV, stand by earth fault.
Cause :
Increase in voltage causes increase in
working magnetic flux, there by increases
the iron loss and magnetizing current.
Effect :
The core and core bolts get heated and
the lamination insulation is affected in
unit Transformer.
Protection Functions to operate:
Over fluxing protection (v/f) is provided
for generator transformer where a
possibility of over fluxing due to
sustained over-voltages exists.
G 60
(GENERATOR PROTECTION)
87G
51N
59N
67N
51V
32R
32L
46
GENERATOR DIFFERENTIAL
STATOR EARTH FAULT
NEUTRAL DISPLACEMENT
SENSITIVE DIRECTIONAL EARTH FAULT
VOLTAGE DEPENDENT OVERCURRENT
REVERSE POWER
LOW FORWARD POWER
NEGATIVE PHASE SEQUENCE
G60
(GENERATOR PROTECTION)
40
27
59
81U
81O
60
FIELD FAILURE
UNDER VOLTAGE
OVER VOLTAGE
UNDER FREQUENCY
OVER FREQUENCY
VOLTAGE BALANCE
VIEW OF GT XMER
PARAMETERS IN ECMS
T-60
(TRAFO. PROTECTION)
T 60
(UAT PROTECTION)
PERIODIC TESTING OF
GENERATORS
NO
DESCRIPTION OF TESTS
REMARKS
DC Absorption Test
Measurement of Capacitance and Tan delta
Recording of Partial Discharges
Study of Non-Linear Behaviour of Winding Insulation
Measurement of Winding Resistance
Checking of RTDs
Stator core healthines by Loop Test
Stator core healthines by ELCID Test
Wedge Mapping using Deflection Method suitable for Ripple Spring Wedges
Wedge Mapping by Knocking Method suitable for Non-Ripple Spring Wedges
Inspection of Mechanical response of end winding ,
Microscopic & Endoscopic Inspection .
Visual Inspection
Generator Stator
Generator Stator
Generator Stator
Generator Stator
Generator Stator
Generator Stator
Generator Stator
Generator Stator
Generator Stator
Generator Stator
Generator Stator
Generator Stator
Generator Stator, Generator
Rotor, Exciter stator , Exciter
Rotor.
Generator Rotor
Generator Rotor
Generator Rotor
Generator Rotor
Generator Rotor
Exciter Stator
Exciter Rotor
Exciter Rotor