MEP 1422

ELECTRIC DRIVES

INDUCTION MOTOR
steady-state model
(squirrel cage)

Construction
a

120o

120o

c
b

b
a
120o

Stator 3-phase winding

Rotor squirrel cage / wound

Construction
Single N turn coil carrying current i
Spans 180o elec

Permeability of iron >> o

all MMF drop appear in airgap

a
Ni / 2
-
-Ni / 2

-/2

/2

Construction
Distributed winding
coils are distributed in several slots
Nc for each slot

(3Nci)/2
(Nci)/2

-/2

/2

Construction

Distributed winding (full-pitch)

The resultant MMF is the total contribution of MMF from
each coil
Considering only the space-fundamental component,
Concentrated

Distributed space fundamental

Concentrated space fundamental

Distributed

Phase a sinusoidal distributed winding

Airgap mmf

F()

 Sinusoidal winding for each phase produces space sinusoidal

MMF and flux
Sinusoidal current excitation (with frequency s) in a phase
produces space sinusoidal standing wave MMF
Combination of 3 standing waves resulted in MMF wave rotating at:

2
s 2f
p
p number of poles
f supply frequency

 Rotating flux induced:

emf in stator winding (known as back emf)
Emf in rotor winding
Rotor flux rotating at synchronous frequency

Rotor current interact with flux producing torque

Rotor ALWAYS rotate at frequency less than synchronous, i.e. at
slip speed:
sl = s r
Ratio between slip speed and synchronous speed known as slip
s

s r
s

Stator voltage equation:

Vs = Rs Is + j(2f)LlsIs + Eag
Eag airgap voltage or back emf
Eag = k f ag
Rotor voltage equation:
Er = Rr Ir + js(2f)Llr
Er induced emf in rotor circuit
Er /s = (Rr / s) Ir + j(2f)Llr

Perphase equivalent circuit

Rs
+
Vs

Rs
Rr
Lls
Llr
Lm
s

Llr

Lls
+

Is
Im

Lm Eag

stator winding resistance

rotor winding resistance
stator leakage inductance
rotor leakage inductance
mutual inductance
slip

Ir

+
Er/s

Rr/s

We know Eg and Er related by

Er s

Eg a

Where a is the winding turn ratio

The rotor parameters referred to stator are:

Rr '
L lr '
Ir a (Ir ' ) , R r 2 , L lr 2
a
a
rotor voltage equation becomes
Eg = (Rr / s) Ir + j(2f)Llr Ir

Perphase equivalent circuit

Rs

Is

Lls

Llr
+

+
Vs

Rs
Rr
Lls
Llr
Lm
Ir

Ir

Lm
Im

Eag

stator winding resistance

rotor winding resistance referred to stator
stator leakage inductance
rotor leakage inductance referred to stator
mutual inductance
rotor current referred to stator

Rr/s

Power and Torque

Power is transferred from stator to rotor via airgap,
known as airgap power
Pag 3Ir' 2

Rr '

3Ir' 2R r '

Lost in rotor
winding

3Ir' 2

Rr '
1 s
s

Converted to mechanical
power = (1s)Pag

Power and Torque

Pm = Tem r

Mechanical power,
But, ss = s - r

r = (1-s)s

Pag = Tem s
Pag

3Ir'2R r '
Tem

s
ss

Therefore torque is given by:

Vs2

3R r '
Tem
ss

Rr '
2
Rs
X ls X lr '
s

Power and Torque

Tem
sm

Pull out
Torque
(Tmax)

Tmax

Trated

s
1

sm

rated
0

Rr

R s X ls X lr
2

Vs2
3

ss R R 2 X X 2
s
ls
lr
s

r
s

Steady state performance

The steady state performance can be calculated from
equivalent circuit, e.g. using Matlab

Rs

Is

Lls

Llr
+

+
Vs

Ir

Lm
Im

Eag

Rr/s

Steady state performance

Rs

Is

Lls

Llr

Ir

+
Lm

Vs

Im

Eag

e.g. 3phase squirrel cage IM

V = 460 V

Rs= 0.25

Lr = Ls = 0.5/(2*pi*50)
f = 50Hz

p=4

Rr=0.2
Lm=30/(2*pi*50)

Rr/s

Steady state performance

500

Torque

400
300
200
100
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

250

Is

200
150
100
50
0
250
200
Ir

150
100
50
0

Steady state performance

600
400

Torque

200
0
-200
-400
-600
-800
-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0.5

1.5

Steady state performance

1
0.9
0.8

Efciency

0.7

(1-s)

0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9