DEVELOPING

COMPREHENSION
SKILLS

WH AT I S CO M P R E HE NSI O N?

It is a construction process
because it involves all of the
elements of reading process
working together as a text is
read to create a representation
of the text in the readers mind.

LEVELS OF
COMPREHENSION
Literal Level (Reading the Lines)
requires the readers to remember or
recall facts explicitly or directly found in
the material read.
Noting details
Sequencing events
Associating quotations with speakers,
etc.

Interpretative Level or Inferential

(Reading between the
Lines)
requires the readers to look for implied
information in the selection.
Getting the main idea
Making inferences
Predicting outcomes
Identifying cause-effect relationship
drawing conclusions
generalizations
Summarizing

Critical Level or Evaluative

(Reading Beyond the Lines)
takes place when readers
evaluate the materials read, gives
judgment or opinions on ideas
read using his prior knowledge or
background experience in relation
to the information read.

Evaluating authors
style and purpose
Distinguishing facts
from opinions, etc.

Integrative Level
relating the readers
previous ideas to the new
ones, and associating reading
with self and life

Creative Level

Illustrating ideas and

events, and making new
sequels of a story, etc.

STUDY SKILLS
AND
AESTHETIC READING

STUDY SKILLS
Used to gather informationone must have knowledge on the
effective use of the library which
is supposed to be the main
source of printed references

Used for information to be

organized and to do this, it
requires knowledge of
summarizing, outlining and
note- taking.

NOTE - TAKING
It is the recording of the
important items of information for
future use.
GENERAL GUIDES FOR NOTETAKING
First, read carefully all
headings to understand the
purpose of the writing and its
organization.

If the material is not difficult

take the notes as you read.
These words should consists
mainly of key words, that is,
important words that will
remind you of the ideas that you
want to remember.
If the material is difficult, read
a section through; then take
note as you pre- read it.

Distinguish between important

and minor ideas. If you are
reading a selection for specific
purpose, distinguish between the
idea that fits on your purpose,
and those that do not.
Make use of topic sentences to
find and understand the main
ideas for your notes.

OUTLINING
It is the skeletal framework of your
paper. It helps you organize the ideas
and information you collected from
different reading materials. Since the
main concern or purpose of the outline
is to show relationships among various
ideas, you must, then, make an outline
that is clear, logical, and orderly.

An outline may be any of

the following: topic outline,
sentence
outline,
or
paragraph outline. Because
the ideas in the outline are
categorized as major or
minor, you must then devise a
numbering technique that
will show not only their
differences, but also their
similarities.

TWO METHODS IN NUMBERING AN

OUTLINE

TRADITIONAL
I.
A.
B.
C.
1.
2.
3.
a.
b.
c.

MODERN
1.
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.3.1
1.3.2
1.3.3
1.3.3.1
1.3.3.2
1.3.3.3

EFFERENT
READING
VIA
INFORMATIONAL
MATERIALS

REFERENCE BOOKS
A
specific
kind
of
publication which has been
planned and written to be
consulted
for
items
of
information, rather than read
throughout.

GENERAL REFERENCE BOOKS

DICTIONARY- provides information
about words- meaning, origin,
pronunciation, syllabication, usage and
current status.
ENCYCLOPEDIA- gives an overview of
a topic, including definition, description,
background and bibliographical
references.

 INDEX- points out where

information can be found. A list
of items (as topics or names)
treated in a printed work that
gives for each item the page
where it may be found.
YEARBOOK- often called an
annual, presents the events of
the past year in brief, concise
form.

HANDBOOK- literally a small book

which can be held conventionally in
the hand, provides miscellaneous
items of information.
ALMANAC- originally a projection
of the coming year by days, months,
holidays, and weather forecasts. A
collection of miscellaneous facts and
statistical information.

BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY- a
collection of sketches by varying
lengths about the lives of
individuals, arranged
alphabetically by surname.
DIRECTORY- lists the names
and addresses of persons,
organizations or institutions.

ATLAS- a volume of maps, plates or

charts, with or without explanatory text.
GAZETTEER- a volume which provides
geographical information and data
about places.
BIBLIOGRAPHY- a list of books and
other materials which have some
relationship to each other. The materials
listed are described as to author, title,
publisher, price and number of pages.

SUBJECT REFERENCE BOOKS

Those in which the material is

devoted to a specific subject
area, such as literature, art, or
history.