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CUADO,

Jeaneth T.
GEQUINTO, Leah
Jane P.
MANGARING,
Meleria S.

cgmarts@ee12

PHOTODIODE
Aphotodiodeis
a
type
ofphotodetectorcapable of convertinglightinto
eithercurrentorvoltage, depending upon the
mode
of
operation.The
common,
traditionalsolar
cellused
to
generate
electricsolar poweris a large area photodiode.

OPERATION
A
photodiode
is
designed to operate
inreverse bias.
Photoelectric effect.
Photocurrent.

HISTORY & THEORY


Photodiode technology developments came out of
the basic developments of the PN junction diode that
started in the 1940s in earnest. Applications for the
use of the PN junction diode were found outside the
basic use of rectifying signals.
Photodiode technology was refined in the 1950s and
in the latter part of that decade the PIN photodiode
was developed. Light absorption in the wide
depletion area of the PIN structure was first
investigated in a paper published in 1959 by Gartner.
Although silicon has been the favoured material for
photodiodes, germanium can also be used, and its
use was first demonstrated in 1962 by Riesz.

MATERIALS

STRUCTURE

1. PIN photodiode
2. PN photodiode
3. Avalanche photodiode

TYPES

4. Schottky photodiode

+
Advantages
for the Photodiode
detector are high
NIR sensitivity and
high speed.
- Disadvantages are
limited amount of
pixels and no UV
response.

ADVANTAGES &
DISADVANTAGES

CHARACTERISTICS
Photodiodes
are
similar
to
regularsemiconductordiodesexcept that
they
may
be
either
exposed
(to
detectvacuum UVorX-rays) or packaged
with a window oroptical fiberconnection
to allow light to reach the sensitive part of
the device. Many diodes designed for use
specifically as a photodiode use aPIN
junctionrather than ap-n junction, to
increase the speed of response.

CHARACTERISTICS

SIGNIFICANCE
In most cases, thephotodiodeis used to deliver a
trigger signal to an electrical device when it is either
exposed to a UV ray or X-ray. It may also be used to
deliver the same trigger signal when the light source
is either turned off or thephotodiodeis blocked from
the light source.
A function thataphotodiodecan perform is to keep
an electrical device operating through the process of
converting light into a power signal or voltage.
Photovoltaic mode and photoconductive mode are
naturally occurring reactions to the light source
create what is referred to as a photocurrent.

APPLICATIONS
P-N photodiodes are used in similar applications to
otherphotodetectors,
such
asphotoconductors,charge-coupled
devices,
andphotomultipliertubes. They may be used to
generate an output which is dependent upon the
illumination (analog; for measurement and the like),
or to change the state of circuitry (digital; either for
control and switching, or digital signal processing)..
Photodiodes
are
used
inconsumer
electronicsdevices
such
ascompact
discplayers,smoke detectors, and the receivers for
infraredremote control devicesused to control
equipment fromtelevisionsto air conditioners. For

APPLICATIONS
many
applications
either
photodiodes
or
photoconductors may be used. Either type of
photosensor may be used for light measurement,
as incameralight meters, or to respond to light
levels, as in switching on street lighting after dark
Photosensors of all types may be used to respond
to incident light, or to a source of light which is
part of the same circuit or system. A photodiode is
often combined into a single component with an
emitter
of
light,
usually
alight-emitting
diode(LED), either to detect the presence of a
mechanical obstruction to the beam (slotted
optical switch), or tocoupletwo digital or analog
circuits while maintaining extremely highelectrical
isolationbetween
them,
often
for
safety
(optocoupler).

APPLICATIONS
Photodiodes are often used for accurate
measurement of light intensity in science
and industry. They generally have a more
linear response than photoconductors.
They are also widely used in various
medical applications, such as detectors
forcomputed
tomography(coupled
withscintillators), instruments to analyze
samples
(immunoassay),
andpulse
oximeters.
PIN diodesare much faster and more
sensitive than p-n junction diodes, and

APPLICATIONS
P-N photodiodes are not used to measure
extremely low light intensities. Instead, if
high sensitivity is needed,avalanche
photodiodes,intensified
charge-coupled
devicesorphotomultipliertubes are used
for
applications
such
asastronomy,spectroscopy,night vision
equipmentandlaser rangefinding.

(According to
Photodiodes are basically reverse biased diodes
temperature)

with optical windows that allow like to shine on


the PN junction. Like any diode, the leakage
current (otherwise known as a photodiodes 'dark'
current) increases exponentially with temperature
in accordance to William Shockley's idea diode
equation. This is known as the quantum efficiency
of the photodiode. If the quantum efficiency of a
photodiode will increase with temperature, so as
well as the thermally induced noise.

EFFECTS

Arch
ives

BreakDown Voltage:
For small active area devices, by definition
breakdown voltage is defined as the
voltage at which the dark current
becomes 10 A.
Since dark current
increases with temperature, therefore,
breakdown voltage decreases similarly
with increase in temperature.

http://en.
wikipedia.
org/wiki/P
hotodiode
http:/
/h
physi yper
cs
astr.g .physu
/hbas .edu
e
ronic /elect
/p
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http:
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phot odiod
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http://www.ra
dioelectronics.co
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micond/photo
_diode/photo_
diode.php

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http%3A%2
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%2Fwww.ee

http://wiki.an
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/What_is_the
_disadvantag
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_transistor

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