What is Cement

Cement is binding material capable of uniting fragments

together to a compact whole.
Cement is manufactured from calcareous, argillaceous,
siliceous and ferruginous rocks.
In Portland cement,
Calcareous rock form is the major constituent.
Argillaceous and siliceous minerals act as additives,
Ferruginous minerals act as correctives.

CEMENT CONSTITUENT AND PHASES

Major Oxides

SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
CaO

Major Phases
C3S
C2S
C3A
C4AF

Type of Limestone deposits:

Rock

Calcite %
CaCO3

Dolomite %
Ca Mg (CO3)2

Limestone

> 95

<5

Magnesian Limestone

90 95

5 10

Dolomitic Limestone

50 90

10 50

Calcitic Dolomitic

10- 50

50 90

Dolomite

<10

> 90

LIMESTONE GRADATION
CALCITE BASED
% CaCO3
High grade Limestone

96 100

Marlaceous Limestone

90 96

Marlstone or calcareous marl

75 90

Marl

40 - 75

Clayey Marl

10 - 40

Marlaceous Clay

4 10

Clay

0-4

Component required in Limestone for cement

manufacture.
Raw mix consist of mainly four major oxides which is CaO, SiO2, Al2O3,
Fe2O3.
With few non-volatile components as,
Free silica, MgO, TiO2, Sr, Cr, Mn
Few volatiles minor components as,
Alkali (K2O, Na2O), S, and Cl etc.
The chemical composition of raw mix affects the
Fuel consumption, burning condition, clinker quality, kiln
wear, and lining performance.

Typical Analysis of Limestone:

SAMPLE

LIMESTONE

LIMESTONE

LIMESTONE

CEMENT GRADE

HIGH GRADE

LOWGRADE

38.7

32.1

LOI

35.8

SiO2

13.8

6.2

24.6

Al2O3

2.8

2.5

5.1

Fe2O3

1.2

1.25

0.80

CaO

45.2

49.7

36.2

MgO

0.5

0.6

0.55

SO3

0.08

Analysis of Additives
SAMPLE

BAUXITE

IRON

COPPER

SAND

ORE

SLAG

STONE

CLAY

LOI

20.4

5.60

5.4

SiO2

13.5

2.40

28.8

89.5

54.2

Al2O3

39.5

1.50

5.05

3.4

30.4

Fe2O3

25.4

89.1

60.8

2.5

3.4

CaO

0.70

0.30

3.66

1.35

-1.2

MgO

Traces

Traces

1.11

1.6

-0.4

1.20

1.2

1.5

1.5

Alk.
TiO2

Principle of Raw Mix design

The designed mix should be of acceptable cost and controllable,
complying with the stipulated range of moduli values. Additional
emphasis is to be laid upon the maximumpermissible contents of
magnesia, chloride, alkali and sulphate. Raw mix affects the
chemical
reactions, fuel consumption, refractory lining, undesirable coating
formation, quality of clinker and its production and overall
economy of
the plant, hence extreme care is needed in designing the raw mix in
the
most scientific way taking all the parameters into consideration.

Parameters to be considered for Raw Mix design:

Mineralogical Composition
Lime component
Clay component
Chemical composition
Main component relations, Moduli values.
Minor non volatile components
Minor Volatile Components
Granulometric composition
Fineness
Particle size distribution
Homogeneity and compaction
Thermal treatment,
Firing temperature,
Heating rate
burning period,
Burning activation

Liquid phase formation

Appearance temperature,
Amount,
Viscosity
SurfaceTension
Ionic mobility
Clinker quality
Silicate phases
Alumino ferrite phases
Coal ash
Amount absorbed,
Composition, and Fineness
Kiln atmosphere
Oxidation,
Reduction

Mineralogical Composition:
Calcareous material:
Limestone:
- -Calcite, aragonite, ankerie, dolomie, feldspar, gypsum and wollastonite
are the main mineral form of lime.
- The lime is found in limestone, chalk, marl, and marble.
- The purest grades of Limestone are calcite and aragonite
- Calcite crystallizes hexagonally.
- Aragonite is rhombic.
- A macroscopic granular variety of calcite is marble.
- Most common form of calcium carbonate is Limestone and Chalk.
- Limestone is predominantly fine-grained crystalline structure.
- The hardness of Limestone depends its geological age.
- The older the geological formation is harder the Limestone.
- The LS hardness is 1.8 3.0 of Mohs scale of Hardness.
- Specific gravity is 2.6 to 2.8

Chalk
- It is a sedimentary rock
- Geologically it is relatively young.
- Compare to Limestone chalk is soft earthy texture.
- It is best raw material for wet process cement manufacture.
- Calcium carbonate content of chalk amount to 98 99%
- With the small admixture of SiO2, Al2O3 and MgCO3.

Marl
- Limestone with admixture of silica, clay, Iron Oxides are
called marls.
- Marls form the transition element to the clays.
- Marls are sedimentary rock generated by simultaneous
- Sedimentation of calcium carbonate and clay.
- Hardness of marls is lower than Limestone.
- Marls are an excellent raw material for cement
manufacture, Because they contain the lime and clay
component in an already homogenized condition.

Argillaceous and Siliceous Materials

The main silica minerals are quartz, chalcedony, opal, feldspar,
clay and mica.
The main alumina minerals are clay, feldspar, gibsite,
boehmite,diaspore.
-Impurities are Free silica, magnesia, alkalis and sulphur.
-The extent and type of impurities as well as the degree of
compaction affect grinding, dissociation and clinkerisation.
- Mudstone and siltstone are semi-consolidated.
- clay and shale are sedimentary (bedded).
- Schists have more mica, and so has quartz, and both have
grinding problem.
-Presence of alkalis and sulphur make them unsuitable for cement
production.

Various Types of silicate and alumino-silicate rocks

Silica Rocks

Alumino-Silicate Rocks

Sand Stone
Cherts
Flints
Diatomaceous earths

Clays
Bauxite
Mudstones Laterite
Shales
Marl
Slates
Volcanic tuff

Quartzite

Schists

Depending upon the mode of origin, degree of compaction,

crystallinity, grain size and impurities, the reactivity of silica
minerals is the highest for quartz and the lowest for silica from
glassy slags.
Order of reactivity of silica minerals
Quartz < Chalcedony < Opal < -crystobalite < - tridymite <
Silica from Feldspar < Silica from mica and amphiboles < Silica
from clay minerals < Silica from glassy slags.

ORDER OF REACTIVITY OF SILICA

MINERALS

Reactivity Depends,

Mode of origin,
Degree of compaction
Crystallinity
grain size
Impurities

Order of reactivity:
Quartz < Chalcedony < Opal < -crystobality
< -tridymite < Silica from feldspar < Silica from mica
and amphiboles < Silica from clay minerals < Silica
from glassy slags.

Modulii values and their significant:

Lime Saturation Factor:
To attain complete lime saturation in the clinker the total silica must be combined to C3S, all iron
oxide must combine with the equivalent amount of alumina to C4AF and the remaining alumina
must combine to C3A. Expressed in parts by weight.
100 CaO
2.80 SiO2 + 1.18 Al2O3 + 0.7 Fe2O3
Preferable range 1 to 1.05

A high L.S.F:

- Makes it difficult to burn raw mix.

- Tends to produce unsound cement.
- Increase C3S content.
- Reduce C2S content.
-

Causes slow setting with high early strength.

Silica Modulus
The silica ratio represents the proportion of SiO2 to the total of Al2O3 and Fe2O3.
SiO2
SM =
Al2O3 + Fe2O3
Limiting Range

- 1.9 to 3.2

Preferable Range - 2.0 to 2.7

Effect of higher silica modules:

- Results in harder burning
- high fuel consumption
- Tends to cause unsoundness
- Causes difficulty in coating formation
- Deteriorates the kiln lining
-

Results in slow setting and hardening of the cement.

Alumina Modules:
The alumina ratio characterizes the cement by the
proportion of alumina to Iron oxides.
IM =

Al2O3
Fe2O3

Limiting Range

: 1.5 to 2.5

Preferable Range

: 1.3 to 1.6

Effects of higher alumina modulus:

Imparts harder burning & high fuel consumption
-

Increases the proportion of C3A & reduces C4AF

Increased both C3S and C2S

Reduces liquid phase & kiln output

Tends to render cement quick setting & strong at early ages.

Increases viscosity of the liquid phase at constant temperature.

AM determines the role of fluxes in a raw mix

AM < 1.23 - A acts as flux
AM > 1.23 - F acts as flux.

HYDRAULIC MODULUS:
HM is the Ratio of lime and to the sum of the Silica, alumina, and ferric oxide.

HM =

CaO
SiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3

The Optimum value of HM in raw mix is 2.1 and in Clinker is 2.05

Lower value will

result in lower strength of Cement.

Solid state reaction

-

Solid reaction starts about 550 600 deg.

Which is the decomposition product of CaCO3 reacts with

First it will form the compounds with lower content of lime.

(Monocalcium aluminate CA, Dicalcium silicate C2S)

clay.

At 800 deg.
-

The formation of Tricalcium aluminate and Calcium alumino

ferrite (2CaO (Al2O3.Fe2O3), C2AF) is started.

CaO.Al2O3 + 2CaO

3CaO. Al2O3

CaO.Al2O3 + 3CaO + Fe2O3

4CaO.Al2O3. Fe2O3

CaO.SiO2 + CaO

2 CaO.SiO2

- Solid state reaction

-

The solid reaction proceeds very slowly.

It can be speeded up by ,

Reduction of the particle size of the material

Raising of the burning temperature.

Presence of crystal lattice distortion.

MINOR NON VOLATILE COMPONENT

Free Silica
Limiting Range
Preferable Range

:
:

0 to 5%
As low as possible

Effects of higher free silica :

-

Increases power and fuel consumption

Causes difficulty in coating formation
Deteriorates refractory lining
Increases the radiation of heat from kiln shell
Increases the free lime content - unsoundness

Control Actions :
-

Grind the raw meal to higher fineness to make the

free silica reactive
Free silica size should be less than 45 Microns.

Magnesium Oxide
Limiting Range
Preferable Range

:
:

0 to 5%
0 to 2%

Effects of higher Magnesium oxide:

-

Reduces viscosity & surface tension of clinker liquid

& increases ionic mobility.
Favors dissolution of C2S & free lime at higher temp.
And lets C3S from more quickly.
Tends to ball easily in the burning zone.
Leads to unsoundness by forming periclase crystals.
Increase C3S and melt but has no effect on C2S
Control Actions:

Grind the raw meal finer to make the MgO react

immediately

Titanium Oxide
Limiting Range
Preferable Range

:
:

0 to 4%
1.5 to 2%

Effects of higher Titanium Oxide:

-

Results in reduction in Alite

Reduces viscosity and surface tension of the melt

Reduces grain sizes of alite and belite

Causes slower setting and lower early strength

Forms darker colour clinker

MINOR VOLATILE
COMPONENTS

Role of volatiles
These four volatile compounds Na2O,K2O,Cl,SO3 have low boiling
points.
During the passage of material through the burning zone of the rotary
kiln, these compounds are evaporated and conveyed with the flue
gases.
When these flue gases come in the temp. range of 800 - 1000 deg.
Get condense either on the wall of duct,kiln inlet and cyclone or on
the incoming feed material.
Then the feed pass into the burning zone where they gets evaporate
again.
This leads to internal volatile cycle, which increase its concentration,
and then attain an equilibrium
Where the gravitational forces are equal to the adhesive forces.
They continue to grow to a size where they break either by
themselves or must be removed by purging activities.

ALKALIES
The two type of alkalies generally come into the system
through clay and marl .
They are in the form of fine dispersed fildspar, mica, and
illite particles
K2O is more sensitive of clogging problem than Na2O as
its volatility is more.
Most of the alkali also come in the form of potash.
Alkali is always reported interms of Na2O, %K2O is
multiplied by 0.659 and added to % of Na2O to get the
total alkali.
For trouble free operation alkali should be below 0.6 % in
the kiln feed.

1.

Alkalies (K2O + Na2O)

Limiting Range
Preferable Range

:
:

0 to 1 %
0.2 to 0.3 %

Effects of Higher Alkalies:

-

Improves burnability at lower temperature and

deteriorates at higher temperature.
Increases liquid content and coating formation
Breaks down alite and belite phase
Creates operational problems due to cycle
formation

Sulphur
Input of sulphur takes place through raw material as well as
fuel.
Form of sulphur in the raw material are mainly sulphates or
(CaSO4.2H2O, CaSO4, MgSO4.2H2O,) sulphides
(FeS2,PbS,ZnS) other than these there maybe some organic
sulfur present.
Sulphur from raw mix is around 0.5-11 gms.SO3 / Kg Cl.
Other input of sulphur take place through fuel.
Sulphur in Indian coal varies between 0.5 - 1.5 %
Sulphur introduced through the fuel amount to max.6 gms
SO3/kg.Cl

Sulphur Compounds (S2, SO3, SO4)

Limiting Range
Preferable Range

:
:

0 to 4 %
0.5 to 2 %

Effects of higher Sulphur Compounds :

-

Acts as an effective mineralizer and modifier of the

alkali-recycle by forming less volatile compounds.
Decreases viscosity & surface tension of liquid.
Increases belite formation where there is no effect
on alite.
Decomposes alite at 1250 Deg.Cent. If high alkali
sulphates are present.
When SO3 > 2.5%, causes sulphate expansion.
Decreases hydraulic & mechanical strength.

Phosphorous Pentoxide (P2O5)

Limiting Range
Preferable Range

:
:

0 to 1 %
0.3 to 0.5 %

Effects of higher P2O5 :

-

Accelerates the clinkerization reaction

Reduces the intensity of internal recycle

Reduces early strength and alite.

Fluoride (F)
Limiting Range
Preferable Range

:
:

0 to 0.6 %
0.03 to 0.08 %

Effects of higher Fluoride :

-

Lowers the temperature of C3S formation by 150

to 200 Dec. Cent.

Has no effect on the internal cycle in the kiln.

Decreases the cement strength

Corrosive properties

Chlorides
The chlorides in the kiln system is mainly through the
raw mix
A small portion comes through the coal ash.
Chlorides has a very high volatility value and it is the
most troublesome component.
For trouble free operation chlorides should be below
0.015%.

Chloride
Limiting Range
Preferable Range

:
:

0 to 0.6 %
0 to 0.015 %

Effects of higher Chloride :

-

Forms chloride cycles

Increases liquid formation

Increases ring formation

By-pass required, if Cl > 0.015 %

granulometric composition
The complete combination of the lime can be effected is influenced
not only by the mineralogical nature of the raw material but also
by the fineness to which the raw mix is ground and its
composition and physical condition.
Coarse particles of silica or calcite fail to react completely in the
burning .
If LSF 0.95
Fineness of silica should be
< 0.5 % on 200 micron
< 1 % between 90 and 200 micron
If LSF 0.89 - Double these amount may be permissible.
Pure calcite 5 % on 150 micron
Marble < 100 micron

Homogeneity:
Homogenization of Kiln feed is a major operation in cement
manufacturing .
Its affects the
quality of clinker
burning process
fuelconsumption.
Fluctuation of calcium carbonate should not be more than +
or - 0.2 % in kiln feed.
An increase of 1 % Ca CO3 will increase the C3S by 13 %
and reduce C2S by 11.5%

Mineralisers and Flux

Mineralisers:
Mineraliser is defined as a material which moderates the rate of
a process or reaction occurring in the solid with in liquid phase
or at the liquid / solid interface.
Fluxes and mineralizes can be freely used in cement
industry so far as they do not interfere with the properties of
setting, hardening, strength, expansion etc.
Flus:
Flux is defining as any material, which decreases the
liquefying temperature fusion of the softening of the material.
Flux reduces the melting point of the liquid phase.

Some of Mineralisers are as follow:

Fluorspar Calcium fluoride (CaF2)
Florides of Sodium and magnesium.
Fluosilicic acid,
Fluodilicates of Sodium, magnesium, and calcium,
Oides of Zine, phosphours, boron and titanium,
Zinc sulfide, calcium chloride, cryolite,
Alkali and Chromium oxides
It has been observed that fluorine-containing mineralisers are excellent fluxing
agents above 1200 deg.
Mineralisers also act as a flux. It accelerates the formation of cement
compounds.
1. facilitate Clinkering of raw mixes
2. Lower temperature at which liquid phase is formed.
3. Reduce Clinkering temperature.
4. Lower the temperature of the eutectic formation in clinker.
Enhance reactivity of clinker compounds formation

Burnability factor:
According to industrial experience, the adverse
effect on the burnability was of the same degree
for
1. an increase by 1.0 in LSF as %
2. an increase in the silica modulus by 0.11 or
3. A reduction by 0.3 in the sum of magnesia and alkalies.
They proposed an equation
B.F1 = LSF + 10 MS 3 (MgO + Alkalies) or
B.F2 = LSF + 6 (MS 2 ) (MgO + Alkalies )

Burnadibility Index
The burnability index is based on two considerations:
With increasing CaO content of clinker, the burnability of a raw mix
is lowered
Clinker liquid is necessary to facilitate the formation of C3S,
BI = C3S/ (C3A + C4AF)
A higher value of B.I denotes a poorer burnability. Later this
equation was modified to
Include magnesia and alkalies alsointo the liquid content.
B.I = C3S / C3A + C4AF + MgO + alkalies.

Reactions occurring in cement burning

Temp

Reaction

At 100 Deg.

Evaporation of free water

500 600 deg.

Evaporation of combined water from clay

Kaolinite
2SiO2 Al2O3.2H2O
Kaolinite

Heat change
Endothermic
- Endothermic

Metakaolin
or
2SiO2.Al2O3
amorphous silica + amorphous alumina.

On further heating an exothermic reaction occurs at about 970 deg.

Metakaolin

Silicon spinel phase

2Al2O3.3SiO2

-- Exothermic

On further heating to 1000 deg.

2Al2O3 . SiO2
600 700

Silica + Al2O3

Dissociation of Magnesium carbonate

-Endothermic

At 600 deg.

Calcium carbonate reacts very faintly with finely dived quartz C2S.

At 800 deg.

Proceeds very slowly.

At 1100 deg.

Appreciable speed.

At 1400 deg.

Rapidly formed.

Below 800 deg.

Formation of CA, C2F and C2S begin.

800 900 deg.

Formation of C12A7 begins.

900 1100 deg.

2CaO.Al2O3.SiO2 forms and decomposes again. Formation of 3CaO.Al2O3

and C4AF starts.
All CaCO3 decomposed and free CaO reaches a maximum.
-- Exothermic

1100 1200 deg.

Formation of major part of C3A and C4AF. Content of 2CaO.SiO2 reaches a
maximum
1260 deg.

First liquid formation starts.

1200 1450 deg.

-Endothermic

Formation of C3.SiO2 with progressive

disappearance of free limes

-Endothermic

Alite
-

Chemically pure C3S does not occur in Portland cement clinker

It always incorporates foreign oxides.

(2% MgO also with Al2O3, Fe2O3, TiO2)

The properties of Alite can be changed due to,

The Burning temperature

Cooling effect.

The incorporation of foreign ions usually increases its Strength.

Below 1250 deg. Tricalcium solicit may decompose into CaO And
C2S subjected to very slow cooling.

Especially if it contains Fe 2+. If the clinker is formed in Under

reducing conditions.

Alite is formed in the sintering zone.

Belite: Dicalcium silicate

Belite occurs mainly in solid form at the Clinkering temp.
-

It presents only in small proportions in clinker with a high lime

standard.

Its strength development is slow.

Its give later strength.

It will form in beta form.
It will change into form in room temp.
Gama form is more stable form but lacking in hydraulic
property.

Belite: Dicalcium silicate

- While changing beta to volume increase of about 10 %.
- Because of the volume change falling of clinker a rapid
disintegration.
- The disintegration is clinker can be avoiding by the
incorporation of foreign ions and rapid cooling.
- The finely crystalline aluminate and ferrite phases are
often ranked as interstitial matter or matrix.
- These phases are formed from the clinker melt on cooling

Aluminate phase: C3A

-

The aluminate phase contains foreign Ions.

If the aluminate phase incorporate with alkalis

(Na2O, K2O exceeding with 5% by weight)

It has high degree of reactivity.

The reactivity may increase with alkalis.

Phase formation of aluminate is NC8A3 and KC8A3.

While hydration, to retard the reaction of the aluminate phase

gypsum is added as setting retardant.

The aluminate phase may increase the early strength of the

hardening cement.

Hydraulic properties are low.

The compound C12A7 also formed.

Ferrite phase
-

Its not a constant chemical composition.

It is the member of a solid solution series.

It will form theoretically C2A to C2F,

C2A C6A12F C4AFC6AF2 C2F.

Depending on the availability of
aluminium

Iron

and

This will form Iron-rich or aluminium- rich material.

Ferrite phase
Normally it will form in clinker is C4AF.

The general formula is C12 (AF) or C2ApF1p.

It will give the colour to the cement.

Pure C2 (AF) is brown.

C2 (AF) with MgO gives dark grey / green colour.

Reactivity is very slow.

Role of Liquid phase in the Clinker

The amount of liquid formed at 1450 deg. C can be

calculated using the formula
% Liquid = 1.13 C3A+1.35 C4AF+MgO+Alkalies
~ 25 to 29 %
Liquid has important role in the Ionic mobility of oxides
and combination to potential compounds.
The particles are held together by the capillary forces of
the Liquid.
The rate of formation of nodules is a function of the
amount of liquid.

Role of Liquid phase in the Clinker

While keeping Ma=1.38, the amount of liquid will be

increased @1338oC,
The amount of liquid at 1450oC will increase, as the Ms is
decreased.
The formation and growth of Clinker mineral proceeds
quicker and at low temperatures.
The amount of liquid does not vary with Lime: Silica
ratio.but with Alumina and Ferric oxide.
In the presence of liquid, CaO and C2S are dissolved
facilitating diffusion of the reactants while forming C3S,
i.e. liquid promotes formation of Stable C3S.
It promotes important reactions involving Oversize Quartz
and Calcite particles.
The liquid is in form of glassy state when viewed through
Microscope.

ree Lime and its effect on Clinker quality

Theoretically for a raw mix with optimum LSF, all the CaO
must combine into Clinker minerals and there will not be
any residual Lime.
For industrial clinker free lime exists due to
* the restricted heating time
* macro and micro inhomogeneities
* Presence of Coarse minerals like quartz,
calcite
* uneven distribution of sources of SiO2 & CaO
etc.
For Industrial Clinker 1-2 % of F.CaO is considered normal
Existence of free lime not only affects the amount of Clinker mineral, it
also causes unsoundness in the Cement.
The CaO reacts with water during hydration and form
calcium hydroxide, which occupies more volume.
This results in the expansion of structures and causes
cracks and unsoundness.
The compressive strength may get reversed and with very

The Compound composition of a Portland cement can be calculated as follows,

The SO3 content is first considered and the equivalent amount of CaO required to form CaSO4 calculated.
This, and the free-lime content of the cement as dobtained by estimation are subtracted from
the total lime content. The remaining lime, together with the content of SiO2,Al2O3 and Fe2O3
are now divided up to give the compounds C4AF.C3A,C3S and C2S. The amounts of CaO and
Al2O3 required to combine with the Fe2O3 toform C4AF are derived and the content of this compound
obtained. The remaining alumina is now calculated to C3A. The CaO remaining after subtraction of
the amounts used in forming the above two compounds is finally allotted to the silica and the contents
of C3S and C2S calculaed. The method is best illustratedby an actual calculation, remembering that the
molecular proportions of the various oxides in the different compounds are as follows:

A cement has the following analysis:

Cao
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
MgO
TiO2
Na2O
K2O
SO3
Loss by difference

64.1
22.9
4.5
3.11
0.79
0.24
0.54
0.64
2.37
0.81

CaSO4
136

CaO +
56

SO3
80

4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3 =
485

4CaO +
224

Al2O3 +
102

3CaO.Al2O3
270

3CaO + Al2O3
168
102

2CaO.SiO2
172

2CaO + SiO2
112
60

3CaO.SiO2
228

3CaO + SiO2
168
60

2CaO.SiO2 + CaO
172
56

3CaO.SiO2
228

Fe2O3
159

Ratios
CaO/SO3

0.7

3CaO/Al2O3

1.65

Al2O3/Fe2O3

0.64

4CaO/Fe2O3

1.4

3CaO.Al2O3/Al2O3 =

2.65

4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3/Fe2O3=

3.04

2CaO/SiO2

1.87

3CaO.SiO2/CaO =

4.07

2.37 % SO3

2.37 * 0.70 % CaO

1.66 % Cao

Free CaO
Total

0.9
2.56

Remaining CaO

64.1 - 2.56

3.11 % Fe2O3

3.11 * 0.64 % Al2O3 =

1.99 %Al2O3

3.11 * 1.40 % CaO

4.35 % CaO

3.11 * 3.04 % C4AF =

Remaining Al2O3

4.50 - 1.99

2.51%

2.51 % Al2O3

2.51 * 1.65 % CaO

4.14

2.51 * 2.65 % C3A

6.7

61.54 - 4.35 - 4.14

Remaining CaO

61.54

9.45 % C4AF

53.05

The calculation of the 3 CaO.SiO2 and 2CaO.Sio2 contents may now be obtained directly
from the formulae
Percent 3 CaO.SiO2

4.07 P - 7.60 Q

Percent 2CaO. SiO2

8.60 Q - 3.07 P

Where p is the Percentage CaO content remaining for silicate formation and Q is the
percentage silica content. Thus in the present example:
P =
53.05
Q =
22.9
The compound composition then is
C4AF
C3A
C3S
C2S

9.45
6.7
42
34