Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Radiation patterns
Antenna characteristics are often plotted in a
Lobes
Horizontal Radiation Pattern Of An antenna
The beam (or lobe) which contains the maximum radiation intensity is called
the Main Lobe.
Side Lobes are all other lobes with radiation intensity less than the main lobe
The Back Lobe is a side lobe which is approximately 180 from the main lobe
Null : Null (or Nulls) are the points where the radiation intensity is very small
with respect to the adjacent lobes.
3
F/B ratio
The forward/backward ratio is the ratio
between the power radiated in the main
direction and the power radiated in the
reverse direction. Main direction is
front side direction, the reverse
direction is the back side.
4
Beam widths
The following figure shows the horizontal radiation pattern of
an antenna
Beam widths
Two beam widths can be distinguished:
Half Power Beam width (HPBW) Angular separation
between -3 dB points (half power)
Beam width between First Nulls (BWFN) Angular separation
between the nulls on each side of the main lobe.
In practice, the HPBW is used. Other beam widths can be
defined when a higher beam width is necessary and a higher
power drop is allowable.
6
Gain
Gain is expressed as the amount of radiated
power in a given direction.
Gain is expressed in dBi or dBd.
dBi gives the amount of decibels (dBs)
relative to the ideal isotropic antenna.
dBd gives the amount of decibels (dBs)
relative to the lossless dipole antenna.
7
Antenna Types
The dipole antenna
The whip antenna
The omni directional antenna
The sector antenna
The leaky coax.
Dipole antenna
Mobile antenna
The mobile antenna is an example of an omni
Dipole antenna
Whip antenna
Since the dipole is impractical to use, a
10
Dipole antenna
Whip antenna: ground plane
As shown, this antenna could be mounted on a
11
12
Sector antenna
Gain of 11 to 19 dBi in the main direction
F/B ratio of 30 dB
Horizontal HPBW of 60
Mechanical tilt
Electrical tilt possible for fine tuning
Combined 3sector, dual polarized antennas
in one housing are available to reduce optical
impact. These antennas are equipped with six
connectors.
13
Radiation pattern
14
15
Leaky coax
The leaky coax a cable which radiates RF power
16
Antenna tilting
To minimize interference, the transmission range
effects)
18
tilting.
19
20
21
Electrical tilt
Electrical tilt is achieved by phasing of the
Antenna isolation
Isolation between transmitter and receiver
Isolation techniques
Method
Achieved by
Decoupling Adequate antenna spacing
Filtering
Using duplexers, multi
couplers and isolators
Antenna spacing can be done horizontally or
vertically
When using filtering strong out-of-band channel
noise is attenuated.
24
25
26
27
Practical isolation
20 dB for isolation between transmitter
28
29