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Chapter 2 : Blood
Circulation and
Transportation
2.1 Transports System in Humans
Structure of heart
Function of the heart
Blood vessels and their functions
Comparison between arteries, veins and capil
laries
Path of blood flow in the circulatory system
2.2 Human Blood
Blood constituents and their function
Blood group and compatibility
2.3 Transport System in Plants
Transport tissues in plants
The transportation of water through xylem
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Chapter 2 : Blood
Circulation and
Transportation

The transportation of food through p

hloem
Transpiration
Factors that affect the rate of transpir
ation
Role of transpiration in transport

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2.1 Transport System in Humans

Structure of the heart
Aorta
Semilunar
valve

From head
and body

To head
and body
To lungs

Pulmonary artery
From lungs
Pulmonary vein

Vena cava

Left atrium
Bicuspid valve

Right atrium

Left ventricle

Tricuspid
valve
Right ventricle
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Septum
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2.1 Transport System in Humans

Functions of the heart

A muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the whole body

Deoxygenated blood from the whole body flows back to the right
atrium via the vena cava. It then, sends blood to the right
ventricle and the right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary
artery. The pulmonary artery carries the blood to the lungs to
picks up oxygen
Oxygenated blood flows to the left atrium through the pulmonary
veins. Blood passes from the left atrium into the left ventricle.
Then, it is pumped out from the heart into the aorta which
distributes blood to various parts of the body
Responsible for distributing oxygen and nutrients to the body and
carrying away carbon dioxide and other waste products
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2.1 Transport System in Humans

H
Blood vessels and their function
Direction of
blood flow

Blood capillary
Artery

Blood
enters

Valve
opens
Vein
Blood
flows out

(a)Capillary joins artery and

vein

Valve close
to prevent backflow
of blood

(b) Action of semilunar valve

at the wall of the vein

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2.1 Transport System in Humans

Comparison between arteries, veins and capillaries
Characterisitcs

Arteries

Veins

Capillaries

Appearance

Connective tissue
Connective tissue
Smooth
Lumen
Smooth
muscle
muscle
Lumen
Lumen
Endothelium
tissue
Endothelium tissue
Endothelium tissue

Thickness of
wall

Thick,
muscular,
elastic

Thin, less
elastic, less
muscular

Very thin and

only one cell
thick

Blood pressure High

Low

Very low

Size of lumen
(diameter)

Big

Very small

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Small

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2.1 Transport System in Humans

Characterisitcs

Arteries

Veins

Capillaries

Presence of
valve

No

Yes

No

Type of blood
transported

Oxygenated
blood except
the pulmonary
artery

Deoxygenated
blood except
the pulmonary
vein

Oxygenated
blood and
deoxygenated
blood

Function

Transport
blood from the
heart to the
body tissues

Transport
Connect the
blood from the arteries and the
body tissues to veins
the heart

Rate of blood
flow

Fast

Slow
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Very slow

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2.1 Transport System in Humans

Path of blood flow in the circulatory system
Head
and neck

Artery
Heart
Vein

Hands

Pulmonary
artery

Pulmonary
vein

Lungs

Vena
cava

Aorta
Heart
Liver
Stomach and
intestine
Kidneys

Deoxygenated blood

Legs

Oxygenated blood
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2.1 Transport System in Humans

The human blood circulatory system is divided

into
* Pulmonary circulation : Deoxygenated blood
returning from the organs and tissues of the body
travels from the right ventricle to the left atrium
* Systemic circulation : Carries oxygenated blood
from the heart to all tissues in the body except
lungs and return deoxygenated blood which
carries waste products back to the heart
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2.2 Human Blood

Blood constituents and their functions
Blood is a vital fluid tissue made up of liquids and
solids
The liquid component of blood is called plasma,
which is light yellow in colour
The solid component consists of blood cells,
namely red blood cells, white blood cells and
platelets
Plasma and blood cells in blood can be separated
from a blood sample by using a centrifuge
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2.2 Human Blood

Characteristics

Red blood
cells

White blood
cells

Shape

Platelets

No fixed shape

Cytoplasmic fragment
of cells that has no
fixed shape

Estimated size 8 m

10 m

2 3 m

Presence of
nucleus

No

Yes

No

Place of
production

Bone narrow
Bone narrow and lymph
node

Biconcave disc

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Bone narrow

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2.2 Human Blood

Characteristics

Red blood
cells

White blood
cells

Platelets

Life span

120 days

A few days to
many months

8 10 days

Presence of
haemoglobin

Yes

No

No

About 7
millions

About 200 000

to 400 000

Defence and
immunity

Help in blood
clotting

Number per
About 5
cubic millimeter
millions
(mm3)

Function

Transport
oxygen and
carbon
dioxide

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2.2 Human Blood

Blood group and compatibility
The human blood is divided into four groups namely group A, B, O
and AB
People with blood type O are called universal donors because they
can donate blood to any blood group. They can receive blood from
group O only
People with blood type AB are called universal recipients because
they can receive blood from any blood group. They can donate to
group AB only
Transfusion is a process of blood transfer from a donor to a recipient
Agglutination will occur when the blood of two incompatible groups
are mixed together

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2.2 Human Blood

Compability of different blood groups
Donors blood type

Recipients blood
type

AB

AB

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2.3 Transport System in Plants

Transport tissues in plants
Xylem
Features

A long hollow tissue

strengthened by fibre
Does not contain
protoplasm

Gives support to plant

with its thick and
strong wall
Transports water and
mineral salts from the
roots to other parts of
the plant

Functions

Continue

Phloem

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A soft living tissue

Rich with protoplasm

Transports the product

of photosynthesis
(glucose) from the leaf
to the rest of the plant
for consumption or
storage

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2.3 Transport System in Plants

Monocotyledonous plant
Root

Phloem

Hair root

Dicotyledonous plant
Xylem
Phloem

Xylem

Epidermis
Stem
Epidermis
Leaf

Xylem

Endodermis
Xylem

Phloem

Phloem

Xylem

Hair
root
Cortex
Epidermis
Cortex

Epidermis
Xylem

Phloem

Phloem
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2.3 Transport System in Plants

The transportation of water through xylem
Red-coloured
part
Cross section of a stem
Red-coloured
part

Red-coloured
solution
Balsam plant

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Cross section of a root

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2.3 Transport System in Plants

Procedures
A balsam plant is immersed into a beaker filled with a redcoloured solution. The plant is then exposed to sunlight
After one day, the epidermis of the stem and leaf is observed
A thin slice of the root and stem is cut and observed under a
microscope
Observation
Some red bands are found at the veins of the leaf and some
part of the stem and root
From the cross section of the stem, it is observed that xylem
tissues arranged in rings in each vascular bundle are coloured
red
Conclusion
Those red bands are xylem tissues which transport water from
the root to the stem and leaves
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2.3 Transport System in Plants

The transportation of food through phloem
Swelling is due to
accumulation of
product of
photosynthesis
(food)

First
day

Shrinking
After few weeks

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2.3 Transport System in Plants

Procedures
The phloem tissues of a plant is removed by making a ring at
the bark of its stem
The plant is left under sunlight and watered everyday
The plant is left for few weeks
Observation
The bark above the ring swells
The bark below the ring shrivels
Leaves on the upper part of the ring do not wilt
Inference
The bark above the ring swells because the food (glucose)
cannot be transported to the lower portion without phloem tissue
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2.3 Transport System in Plants

The bark below the ring shrivels because the food has been
used up
Leaves of the plant do not wilt because water and mineral salts
can still be transported up through the xylem tissues

Conclusion
Phloems tissues transport food (glucose) from the leaf to other
parts of the plant

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2.3 Transport System in Plants

Transpiration

Transpiration is the evaporation process where plants lose

excessive water to the atmosphere in the form of water vapour
The excess water will be removed through the stomata which
can be found on both surfaces on the leaf
Stomata consist of :
* Stoma : The pore where water vapour is expelled out of the
plant
* Guard cell : Two kidney-shaped cells that contain chloroplasts
Control the pore size of the stoma
The stoma is smaller during hot days and bigger during cold
days
The opening of the stoma also allows exchange of gas

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2.3 Transport System in Plants

Guard cell

Stoma

Hot day

Stoma is smaller

Cold day

Stoma is bigger

Stomata on leaf
surface
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2.3 Transport System in Plants

Temperature
Temperature
Relative
Relativehumidity
humidity

Light
Light
Factorsthat
thataffect
affect
Factors
therate
rateof
oftranspiration
transpiration
the
Altitude
Altitude

Wind
Windspeed
speed
Water
Wateravailability
availability

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2.3 Transport System in Plants

Role of transpiration in transport

Transpiration helps in the absorption and transportation

of water and minerals in plants
As water is lost or used up by the plant, more water is sucked up from
the xylem vessels in the leaves, stem
and roots
The flow of water is continuous from the roots to the leaves
The water in the soil contains minerals which are absorbed by the
roots, tranported up the stem and to the leaves

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The End

Versi BI

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Bab 2 : Peredaran Darah dan

Pengangkutan
2.1 Sistem Pengangkutan dalam Manusia
Struktur jantung
Fungsi jantung
Saluran darah dan fungsinya
Perbandingan di antara arteri, vena dan kapilari
Laluan aliran darah dalam sistem peredaran
2.2 Darah Manusia
Kandungan darah dan fungsinya
Kumpulan darah dan kesesuaian
2.3 Sistem Pengangkutan dalam Tumbuhan
Pengangkutan tisu dalam tumbuhan
Pengangkutan air melalui xilem
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Bab 2 : Peredaran Darah dan

Pengangkutan

Pengangkutan makanan melalui floem

Transpirasi
Faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar transpirasi
Peranan transpirasi dalam pengangkutan

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2.1 Sistem Pengangkutan dalam

Manusia
Struktur jantung

Injap
sabit

Aorta
Dari kepala
dan badan

Ke kepala
dan badan
Ke peparu Arteri pulmonari
Dari peparu
Vena pulmonari

Vena kava

Aurikel kiri
Injap bikuspid

Aurikel kanan
Injap
trikuspid
Ventrikal kanan

Ventrikel kiri
Septum
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2.1 Sistem Pengangkutan dalam Manusia

Fungsi jantung
Organ berotot yang mengepam darah keluar ke seluruh badan
Darah terdeoksigen daripada seluruh badan mengalir balik ke
aurikel kanan melalui vena kava. Kemudian ia menghantar darah
ke ventrikel kanan dan ventrikel kanan mengepam darah ke
dalam arteri pulmonari. Arteri pulmonari membawa darah ke
peparu dan mengambil oksigen
Darah beroksigen mengalir dari aurikel kiri melalui vena
pulmonari. Darah melewati aurikel kiri ke dalam ventrikel kiri.
Kemudian, ia dipam keluar dari jantung ke dalam aorta dan
darah diedarkan ke seluruh bahagian badan
Bertanggungjawab untuk mengedar oksigen dan nutrien ke
badan dan membawa keluar karbon dioksida dan produk
buangan yang lain

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2.1 Sistem Pengangkutan dalam

Manusia
Saluran darah dan fungsinya
Arah aliran
darah

Kapilari darah
Arteri

Darah masuk

Injap
terbuka
Vena
Darah mengalir
keluar

(a) Kapilari menyambungkan

arteri dengan vena

Injap tertutup
untuk mencegah
darah mengalir balik
(b) Tindakan injap sabit pada
dinding vena
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2.1 Sistem Pengangkutan dalam Manusia

Perbandingan antara arteri, vena dan kapilari
Ciri-ciri

Arteri

Vena

Kapilari

Rupa bentuk

Tisu penghubung
Tisu penghubung
Otot
Lumen
Otot
rata
rata
Lumen
Lumen
Tisu endothelium
Tisu endothelium
Tisu endothelium

Ketebalan
dinding

Tebal, berotot, Nipis, kurang Sangat nipis

kenyal, kurang dan setebal
kenyal
berotot
satu sel

Tekanan darah Tinggi

Saiz lumen
Kecil
(diameter)

Rendah

Sangat rendah

Besar

Sangat kecil

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2.1 Sistem Pengangkutan dalam Manusia

Ciri-ciri
Kehadiran
injap

Arteri
Tiada

Darah
Jenis darah
yang diangkut beroksigen
kecuali arteri
pulmonari

Vena

Kapilari

Ada

Tiada

Darah
terdeoksigen
kecuali vena
pulmonari

Darah
beroksigen
dan darah
terdeoksigen

Fungsi

Mengangkut
darah dari
jantung ke
tisu badan

Mengangkut Menghubungdarah dari

kan arteri
tisu badan ke dengan vena
jantung

Kadar aliran
darah

Laju

Perlahan

Sangat
perlahan
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2.1 Sistem Pengangkutan dalam Manusia

Laluan aliran darah dalam sistem peredaran
Kepala
dan leher
Tangan

Arteri
Jantung

Arteri
pulmonari

Vena

Vena
pulmonari

Peparu

Vena
kava

Aorta
Jantung
Hati

Darah terdeoksigen

Perut dan
usus
Ginjal

Darah beroksigen

Kaki
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2.1 Sistem Pengangkutan dalam

Manusia
Sistem peredaran darah manusia dibahagikan kepada
* Peredaran pulmonari : Mengembalikan darah
terdeoksigen dari organ dan tisu badan yang
meneruskan perjalanan dari ventrikel kanan ke
aurikel kiri
* Peredaran sistemik : Membawa darah
beroksigen dari jantung ke semua tisu dalam
badan kecuali peparu dan mengembalikan
darah terdeoksigen yang membawa bahan
buangan kembali ke jantung

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2.2 Darah Manusia

Kandungan darah dan fungsinya
Darah adalah aliran tisu yang amat penting yang
terbina daripada cecair dan pepejal
Komponen cecair darah dipanggil plasma yang
berwarna kuning muda
Komponen pepejal terdiri daripada sel darah iaitu sel
darah merah, sel darah putih dan platlet
Plasma dan sel darah dalam darah boleh dipisahkan
dari sampel darah menggunakan centrifuge
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2.2 Darah Manusia

Ciri-ciri

Sel darah
merah

Sel darah
putih

Platlet

Bentuk
Tiada bentuk tetap

Dwicekung

Tiada bentuk tetap

Anggaran saiz

8 m

10 m

2 3 m

Kehadiran
nukleus

Tiada

Ada

Tiada

Sumsum
tulang

Sumsum
tulang dan
kelenjar linfa

Sumsum tulang

Tempat
penghasilan

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2.2 Darah Manusia

Ciri-ciri

Sel darah
merah

Sel darah
putih

Platlet
8 10 hari
Tiada

Jangka hayat

120 hari

Beberapa hari
ke beberapa
bulan

Kehadiran
hemoglobin

Ada

Tiada

Bilangan per
Lebih kurang Lebih kurang
milimeter padu
5 juta
7 juta
(mm3)

Fungsi

Mengangkut
oksigen dan
karbon
dioksida

Lebih kurangt
200 000 ke
400 000

Membantu
Mempertahan dalam
pembekuan
-kan badan
darah
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2.2 Darah Manusia

Kumpulan darah dan kesesuaian
Darah manusia dibahagikan kepada empat kumpulan iaitu
kumpulan A, B, O dan AB
Manusia yang mempunyai darah O dipanggil penderma
universal kerana mereka boleh menderma darah kepada
sebarang kumpulan darah. Mereka boleh menerima darah
dari kumpulan O sahaja
Manusia yang mempunyai darah jenis AB dipanggil
penerima universal kerana mereka boleh menerima darah
dari sebarang kumpulan darah. Mereka boleh menderma
kepada kumpulan AB sahaja
Pemindahan darah adalah satu proses memindahkan darah
daripada penderma kepada penerima
Pengaglutinatan akan berlaku apabila dua jenis darah yang
tidak sesuai dicampurkan
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2.2 Darah Manusia

Kesesuaian kumpulan darah yang berbeza
Jenis darah penderma

Jenis darah
penerima

AB

AB

/
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2.3 Sistem Pengangkutan dalam Tumbuhan

Pengangkutan tisu dalam tumbuhan
Xilem

Floem

Ciri-ciri

Salur panjang
berdinding tebal
Tidak mengandungi
protoplasma

Tisu lembut
Kaya dengan
protoplasma

Fungsi

Memberi sokongan
kepada tumbuhan
dengan dindingnya
yang tebal dan kuat
Mengangkut air dan
garam mineral dari
akar ke bahagian
lain tumbuhan

Mengangkut hasil
fotosintesis (glukosa)
dari daun ke
bahagian lain
tumbuhan untuk
kegunaan dan
simpanan
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2.3 Sistem Pengangkutan dalam

Tumbuhan
Tumbuhan monokotiledon
Akar

Akar
rambut

Floem

Xilem
Floem

Xilem

Epidermis
Batang

Epidermis
Daun

Tumbuhan dikotiledon

Xilem

Endodermis
Xilem

Floem

Floem

Xilem
Floem

Akar
rambut
Kortex
Epidermis
Kortex

Epidermis
Xilem

Floem
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2.3 Sistem Pengangkutan dalam

Tumbuhan
Pengangkutan air melalui xilem
Bahagian
berwarna
merah
Keratan rentas batang
Larutan
berwarna
merah
Pokok keembung

Bahagian
berwarna
merah
Keratan rentas akar

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2.3 Sistem Pengangkutan dalam

Tumbuhan
Prosedur
Pokok keembung direndamkan ke dalam bikar yang berisi larutan
berwarna merah. Tumbuhan ini kemudiannya didedahkan kepada
cahaya matahari
Selepas satu hari, epidermis batang dan daun diperhatikan
Potong keratan rentas yang nipis bagi akar dan batang dan
diperhatikan di bawah mikroskop
Pemerhatian
Jalur merah ditemui pada vena daun dan sebahagiannya pada
batang dan akar
Daripada keratan rentas batang, dapat diperhatikan yang tisu xilem
tersusun dalam gelang dalam setiap bekas vaskular berwarna merah
Kesimpulan
Jalur yang berwarna merah adalah tisu xilem yang mengangkut air
daripada akar ke batang dan daun
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2.3 Sistem Pengangkutan dalam

Tumbuhan
Pengangkutan makanan melalui floem

Membengkak akibat
pengumpulan hasil
fotosintesis (makanan)
Hari
pertama

Mengecut
Selepas beberapa minggu
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2.3 Sistem Pengangkutan dalam

Tumbuhan
Prosedur
Tisu floem tumbuhan disingkirkan dengan membuat
gelang pada kulit kayu batang tumbuhan
Tumbuhan ini dibiarkan di bawah cahaya matahari dan air
Tumbuhan ini dibiarkan selama beberapa minggu
Pemerhatian
Kulit kayu di bahagian atas gelang membengkak
Kulit kayu di bahagian bawah gelang mengecut
Daun pada bahagian atas gelang tidak layu
Inferens
Kulit kayu pada bahagian atas gelang membengkak
kerana tanpa tisu floem makanan (glukosa) tidak dapat
diangkut ke bahagian bawah
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2.3 Sistem Pengangkutan

dalam Tumbuhan
Kulit kayu bahagian bawah gelang mengecut kerana
makanan telah habis digunakan
Daun tumbuhan tidak layu kerana air dan garam mineral
masih boleh diangkut melalui tisu xilem
Kesimpulan
Tisu floem mengangkut makanan (glukosa) daripada
daun ke bahagian lain tumbuhan

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2.3 Sistem Pengangkutan dalam

Tumbuhan
Transpirasi
Transpirasi adalah proses penyejatan di mana tumbuhan hilang
air berlebihan ke atmosfera dalam bentuk wap air
Air berlebihan akan disingkirkan melalui stoma yang boleh
dijumpai pada kedua-dua permukaan daun
Stoma terdiri daripada :
* Stoma : Liang di mana wap air dibuang keluar dari
tumbuhan
* Sel pengawal : Sel yang berbentuk dua ginjal yang
mengandungi kloroplas yang mengawal
saiz liang stoma
Stoma menjadi kecil pada hari panas dan besar pada hari sejuk
Bukaan stoma membenarkan pertukaran gas

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2.3 Sistem Pengangkutan

dalam Tumbuhan
Sel pengawal

Stoma
Stoma atas permukaan
daun

Hari panas

Stoma mengecil

Hari sejuk

Stoma membesar

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2.3 Sistem Pengangkutan

dalam Tumbuhan
Suhu
Suhu
Kelembapan
Kelembapanbandingan
bandingan

Cahaya
Cahaya

Ketinggian
Ketinggian

Faktoryang
yang
Faktor
mempengaruhikadar
kadar
mempengaruhi
transpirasi
transpirasi
Laju
Lajuangin
angin
Adanya
Adanyaair
air
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2.3 Sistem Pengangkutan

dalam Tumbuhan
Peranan transpirasi dalam pengangkutan
Transpirasi membantu dalam penyerapan dan pengangkutan
air dan mineral dalam tumbuhan
Seperti mana air hilang atau habis digunakan oleh tumbuhan,
lebih banyak air disedut daripada salur xilem dalam daun,
batang dan akar
Aliran air berterusan daripada akar kepada daun
Air dalam tanih mengandungi mineral yang boleh diserap
oleh akar, diangkut ke batang dan ke daun

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Tamat