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merge, converge
Tunica intima
Endothelium
Subendothelial layer
Internal elastic lamina
Tunica media
(smooth muscle and
elastic fibers)
External elastic lamina
Valve
Tunica externa
(collagen fibers)
Lumen
Artery
(b)
Capillary
network
Lumen
Vein
Basement membrane
Endothelial cells
Capillary
Figure 19.1b
Table 19.1
Venous system
Large veins
(capacitance
vessels)
Small veins
(capacitance
vessels)
Postcapillary
venule
Thoroughfare
channel
Arterial system
Heart
Large
lymphatic
vessels
Lymph
node
Lymphatic
system
Arteriovenous
anastomosis
Elastic arteries
(conducting
vessels)
Muscular arteries
(distributing
vessels)
Lymphatic
Sinusoid
capillary
Arterioles
(resistance vessels)
Terminal arteriole
Metarteriole
Precapillary sphincter
Capillaries
(exchange vessels)
Figure 19.2
3 types of capillaries:
1.
Continuous
2.
Fenestrated
3.
Sinusoidal
Continuous Capillaries
Figure 19.3a
Fenestrated Capillaries
Figure 19.3b
Sinusoids
Figure 19.3c
Figure 19.4a
Figure 19.4b
Postcapillary venules
smallest venules
Large venules
Three tunics
Vein
Artery
(a)
Figure 19.1a
Valves
Varicose veins
Vascular Anastomoses
Blood Flow
In ml/min.
In mm Hg
Peripheral Resistance
Sources:
1. Blood viscosity (> stickiness, > R)
2. Total blood vessel length (> length, > R)
3. Blood vessel diameter
Atherosclerosis:
> R, < F
Systemic pressure
Figure 19.5
Systolic
Diastolic
PLAY
Figure 19.6
Blood volume
Blood pressure = CO x R
Maintaining BP:
Figure 19.7
Short-term controls:
Neural:
Baroreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Maintaining BP:
Neural control:
Baroreceptor
reflexes
Baroreceptors
in carotid
sinuses and
aortic arch
stimulated
Sympathetic
impulses to
heart
( HR and contractility)
CO
Inhibit
vasomotor center
R
Rate of vasomotor
impulses allows
vasodilation
( vessel diameter)
Arterial
blood pressure
rises above
normal range
Stimulus:
Rising blood
pressure
CO and R
return blood
pressure to
Homeostatic
range
Imb
ala
nce
Imb
ala
nce
CO and R
return blood
pressure to
homeostatic
range
Peripheral
resistance (R)
Cardiac
output
(CO)
Impulses from
baroreceptors:
Stimulate cardioacceleratory center
(and inhibit cardioinhibitory center)
Sympathetic
impulses to heart
( HR and contractility)
Vasomotor
fibers
stimulate
vasoconstriction
Stimulate
vasomotor
center
Figure 19.8
Angiotensin II
InterActive Physiology :
Blood Pressure Regulation, pages 330
Figure 19.9
MAP Increases
Blood
doping
Figure 19.10
Activity of
muscular
pump and
respiratory
pump
Release
of ANP
Conservation
of Na+ and
water by kidney
Blood volume
Blood pressure
Blood
volume
Baroreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Venous
return
Stroke
volume
Bloodborne
Dehydration,
chemicals:
high hematocrit
epinephrine,
NE, ADH,
angiotensin II;
ANP release
Body size
Heart
rate
Cardiac output
Diameter of
blood vessels
Blood
viscosity
Blood vessel
length
Peripheral resistance
Initial stimulus
Physiological response
Result
Figure 19.11
Vital signs:
pulse
blood pressure
respiratory rate
body temperature
Palpated Pulse
Figure 19.11
Optimal- <120/80
Hypotension
Hypertension
Brain
Heart
Skeletal
muscles
Skin
Kidney
Abdomen
Other
Total blood
flow at rest
5800 ml/min
Total blood flow during strenuous
exercise 17,500 ml/min
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 19.13
Slow flow in
capillaries allows
for
gas/nutrient/waste
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
exchange
Figure 19.13
Dilate
Constrict
Figure 19.14
Short-term:
Long-Term:
High altitudes
In brain:
Myogenic controls:
In lungs:
Short pathway
< O2 , vasoconstriction
> O2 , vasodilation
Figure 19.15.2
Net Filtration Pressure (NFP): all the forces acting on a capillary bed
At the arterial end of a bed, hydrostatic forces dominate (fluids flow out); At
venous end, oncotic forces dominate (fluids move in)
Figure 19.16
Circulatory Shock
Circulatory Shock
Hypovolemic shockcompensated
Figure 19.17
Circulatory Pathways
Arteries
Veins
Delivery
Location
Pathways
Convergent interconnections
Supply/drainage
Predictable supply
Developmental Aspects
Developmental Aspects
Pulmonary Circulation
Figure 19.18b
Systemic Circulation
Figure 19.19