The Human Reproductive

System
by Anna Zheng

Male
Reproductiv
e
System

Purpose

To produce, maintain, and transport sperm

and semen.

To discharge sperm inside the female

reproductive tract.

To produce and secrete male sex

hormones.

The male reproductive system consists of

internal and external organs.

External Organs

Penis

Penis: Main purpose is for

sexual intercourse. Made of
three parts:

- Root: Attaches the penis to

the lower abdomen.
- Shaft: The cylindrical body of
the penis.
- Glans: Cone-shaped head/tip
of the penis.

Penis has many very

sensitive nerves endings.

Function

The body of the Penis has three internal

chambers. When sexually aroused, these
chambers fill with blood, causing the penis
to become turgid and erect.

Ejaculation: expels semen, which contains

sperm, through the end of the penis.

Interesting Fact! Did you know that the flow

of urine is blocked from the urethra,
allowing only semen to be ejaculated
during orgasm?

Scrotum

Scrotum: Loose pouchlike sac of skin that

hangs behind the penis.

Contains Testes/Testicles

Contains many muscles

and nerve cells

Function

The scrotum has a very important

function. It serves as a climate control
system for the testes.

Too Cold? The special muscles in the

scrotum contract to move the testes closer
to the body for warmth.

Too Hot? The muscles relax to move the

testes away from the body to cool down.

Internal Organs

Testicles(Testes)

Testes are oval organs that

reside inside the scrotum.

Parts of the Testes:

- Spermatic Cord: secures

the testes to the inner wall of
the scrotum.
- Seminiferous Tubules:
coiled masses of tubes inside
the testes. Responsible for
producing the sperm cells.

Function

The testes is where the

sperm is produced .

Spermatogenesis: The
process in which sperm is
produced.

Responsible for making

testosterone, the primary
male sex hormone.

Interesting Fact! Did you

know that not all men have
two testicles?

Epididymis

Epididymis: is a long, coiled

tube that rests on the back
side of each testicle.

The storage warehouse for

sperm that is produced in the
testes.

It also brings sperm to

maturity, since the sperm that
emerge from the testes are
immature and incapable of
fertilization.

During sexual arousal,

contractions force the sperm
into the vas deferens.

A. Epididymis

Vas Deferens

The Vas deferens is a

long, muscular tube that
travels from the
epididymis into the
pelvic cavity, right
behind the bladder.

Transports mature sperm

to the urethra in
preparation for
ejaculation.

Urethra

The tube that carries

urine from the bladder to
the outside of the body.

In males, it has the

additional function of
expelling (ejaculating)
semen when at the man
orgasms.

Seminal Vesicles

Sac-like pouches that

attach to the vas
deferens. The vesicles
produces a fructose that
provides sperm an
energy source.

The fluid of the seminal

vesicles (Semen) makes
up most of the volume of
a mans ejaculate.

Prostate Gland

The prostate gland is

located below the
urinary bladder in front
of the rectum.

The prostate gland also

nourishes the sperm.

The urethra runs right

through the center of the
prostate gland.

Bulbourethral Glands

Also called the Cowpers

glands, are the size of
peas, located just below
the prostate.

The Glands produce a

slippery fluid that
lubricates the urethra
and neutralizes the
acidity in the Urethra.

Testosterone
The entire male

reproductive system
depends on the
production of
testosterone.

Testosterone is necessary
for the production of
sperm.

Also, important in the

development of male
characteristics; muscle
mass and strength, fat
distribution, bone mass
and sex drive.

Female
Reproductiv
e
System

Purpose

Produces the female egg cells (Ova) necessary for

reproduction.

Transportation of the ova to site of fertilization.

Conception

Gestation

Menstrual Cycle

Menopause

External Organs

Labia Majora

The labia majora

encloses and protects
the other external
reproductive organs.

Is relatively large and

fleshy, and is the equal
to the male scrotum.

Contains sweat and oilsecreting glands.

Labia Minora

The size of the labia minora can range

from very small to 2 inches wide.

Surrounds the openings of the vagina.

Protects the internal reproductive organs

from bacteria.

Bartholins Glands

These glands are located next to the

vaginal opening and produce a fluid
secretion.

Clitoris

The two labias meet at

the clitoris.

The clitoris is
comparable to the male
penis in males.

Like the male penis, the

clitoris is very sensitive
to stimulation and can
become erect.

Internal Organs

Vagina

The vagina is a fibromuscular

tube that extends from the
cervix to the vulva.

During sexual intercourse,

the vagina receives the penis
and semen.

Also, provides a passageway

for menstrual blood flow to
exit the body.

The Vagina is also commonly

known as the Birth Canal.

Uterus(Womb)

For women who have

never had children, the
uterus is a hollow cavity
the size of a pear.

There are three parts to

the uterus:

- Body: which is the main

part.
- Fundus: rounded region
above the fallopian tubes.
- Cervix: narrow outlet that
protrudes into the vagina.

Composition of the
Uterus

The wall of the uterus is

composed of three layers.

Endometrium: Is the
innermost layer, this is
where the fertilized egg will
burrow itself, and will be its
home for the rest of its
growth.

As the fetus continues to

grow in the womb, part of
the endometrium lining
becomes the Placenta.

Layers of the Uterus

Myometrium: Is the large middle layer of the

uterus. This layer is made up of many
interlocking muscles. It plays a huge role in
the labour process. The large muscles
contract accordingly, to moves the baby out
of the birth canal (Vagina).

Perimetrium: Is the outermost layer of the

uterus. The main purpose of this membrane
is to protect the uterus from friction by
secreting a watery serous fluid to lubricate
the uteruss surface.

Ovaries

The ovaries are the main

reproductive organs of a
woman.

The two ovaries are

about the size of
almonds. Their main
purpose is to produce
the female hormones
(estrogen and
progesterone) and
eggs(ova).

Ovulation

The ovary contains Graafian follicles, in which the

eggs develop.

When a follicle matures, it then precedes to rupture

and releases the developing egg into the fallopian
tubes. This process is called ovulation, also this is
said to be when women are most fertile.

Ovulation occurs in the middle of the menstrual

cycle. This process usually takes about 28 days or so
in a mature female.

Did you know? Only one egg is released every month

and it can be from either from the left or right ovary
at random.

Fallopian Tubes

These are narrow tubes

that are attached to the
upper wall of the uterus.

These tubes serve as

tunnels of transportation
for the ova to travel
from the ovary to the
uterus.

Conception: The
fertilization of the egg
by sperm normally
occurs in the tubes. The
egg then moves down
into the uterus, where it
implants itself in the

Menstrual Cycle

Females of Reproductive age, anywhere from

11-16 years, experience cycles of hormonal
activity that repeat at about one month
intervals. This process is called the menstrual
cycle.

With every cycle, the woman's body prepares

itself for a potential pregnancy, with or without
the womans intention.

The term menstruation literally means

shedding of the uterine lining.

Stages of Menstrual
Cycle

The average menstrual cycle

takes about 28 days, and occurs
in phases:

Follicular phase: Occurs on the

first day of the period.

- The FSH and LH hormones are

sent from the brain and travel in
the blood to the ovaries.
- The hormones stimulate the
growth of about 15-20 eggs, called
a follicle.
- These hormones cause an
increased production of estrogen,
which cause the well known mood
swings.

As the follicle phase progresses, the graafian

follicle(aka the dominant follicle), suppresses
the growth of the other follicles. The other
follicles then stop growing and dies.

Ovulatory Phase

This phase is also known as,

Ovulation, occurs about 14
days into the menstrual cycle.
This occurs roughly two weeks
before the next period.

The graafian follicle releases its

egg into the fallopian tube.

During this time, an energy rich

thick mucus is secreted at the
cervix. If the woman were to
have intercourse, this mucus
provides the sperm energy and
helps them move towards the
egg.

Luteal Phase

The Luteal phase occurs

immediately after the
ovulatory phase.

Once the egg is released,

the empty follicle becomes
a new structure called the
corpus luteum.

The corpus luteum secretes

estrogen and progesterone,
in preparation for the egg to
implant.

Reproduction

Reproduction: process by which a living

entity or organism produces a new
individual of the same kind.

The sex glands- ovaries in females and

testes in males- produce gametes that
unite and grow into a new organism.

Specialized
Cells

Female Ovum(Egg)

Function: Is to carry the set of

chromosomes contributed by the female
and create the right environment to
enable the fertilization by the sperm.

The egg also provides the nutrients and

food for the fertilized zygote until it
imbeds itself in the uterus.

the egg cell is

padding that
protects the genetic
info in the nucleus.
- Germinal Vesicle
(Nucleus): Genetic
Info.
-Germinal Spot
(Nucleolus): Genetic
Info.
Ooplasm(Cytoplasm):
Stores food and

The female ovum is the only animal cell that you can see
with the naked eye. It is as big as the period at the end of
this sentence.

The female egg does not move, it is a static cell.

The ovum is significantly more rare than the male

counterpart, sperm. While men produce sperm on a daily
basis, females are born with about 1-2 million eggs. By the
time they reach puberty, only 400,000 eggs remain.

With every menstrual cycle, only 1 out of 1000 eggs with

survive and become viable. That means the other 999
unlucky eggs will die a horrible death.

This means out of 2 million eggs, only 400 hundred will

ever mature.

By the time a woman reaches menopause, there are

virtually no eggs left.

The eggs continue to die during pregnancy, without the

Spermatozoon

Function: A sperms main

and sole function is to
penetrate and fertilize the
female egg.

Structure:

- Head: Contains the genetic

Info.
- Middle Piece: Contains
Mitochondria
- Tail: Motion mechanism

Function of Sperm

Head: It is spherical in shape consisting of

large nucleus and a dome shaped
acrosome present on the nucleus.

- Function: Nucleus contain genetic

information and half number of
chromosomes. The acrosome releases a
hyaluronidase enzyme which destroys the
hyaluronic acid of the ovum and enters into
the ovum.

proximal centriole and distal centriole.

- Function: Distal centriole gives rise to axial
filament of the sperm which runs up to the end
of the tail.
Middle

piece: It is tubular structure in which

mitochondria are spirally arranged.

-Function: Middle piece is called power house

of sperm because it gives energy to the sperm
to swim in the female genital tract.
Tail:

It arises from middle piece and it is the

end part of the sperm. It contains axial
filaments.

- Function: Tail helps the sperm to swim in the

female genital tract. It is the main part of
sperm to move

Conception

When an eggs ripens, it

is released into the
fallopian tubes, and
towards the uterus.

During its journey, the

ovum produces an
enzyme to attract and
guide the sperm that
was ejaculated during
sexual intercourse.

Although a man releases up to millions of sperm

during orgasm, only a few hundred will make it from
the cervix to the uterus.

First they have to make it through the cervix

without expending too much energy, this is where
many of them die.

Second, the sperm has to choose the correct

fallopian tube to reach the graafian follicle.

Third, the few remaining sperm have to battle

through the thick outer coat of the egg cell to reach
the nucleus.

Only one lucky sperm will make it to the nucleus.

When it fuses with the egg, the structure of the egg
immediately changes.

Pregnancy

It takes the egg 2-5 days

to reach the uterus, at
this time it has formed
into a small hollow ball.

The blastocyst, or
aggregation of cells, with
quickly form.

Once the blastocyst

implants itself into the
uterine wall, part of it
becomes the placenta.

The placenta is essential in gestation(pregnancy).

Its function is to provide nutrition for the fetus
and get rid of its waste.

It also brings the mothers blood close to the fetus

without actually mixing the blood cells.

The outermost membrane surrounding the embryo

is called the chorion, and the innermost is called
the amnion.

The amnion contains amniotic fluid that surrounds

the fetus, this is commonly referred to as a bag of
water. During the onset of labour the womans
water breaks.

The average pregnancy is about 280 days or

roughly 9 calendar months.

Labor/Childbirth

Labor or childbirth is the

psychological process by
which the fetus is expelled
from the uterus.

1.) Opening/Dilation of cervix

(10cm)

2.) Expulsion Stage, the baby

must be pushed through and
out the vagina.

3.) Separation and expulsion

of the placenta. This is where
the placenta detaches from
the uterine wall.

atulations You Made It!

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