04/20/16

Biochemical Composition
of Cell
Dr. Farhana Ayub
Assistant Professor

What is Cell ?

The cell is defined as any of the protoplasmic mass making

up organized tissue consisting of a nucleus and the
cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus.
The nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by the nuclear
envelope also called nuclear membrane.
The cytoplasm is surrounded by a membrane called cell or
plasma membrane or even plasmalemma.

THE CELL

Cont

The cell is the structural and functioned unit of all living

organism.
The nucleus contains the chromosomes that are made up of
DNA molecules.
Each chromosome is actually one DNA molecule.
The nucleus also contains some RNAs and large number of
factors that regulate the expression of genes.

THE CELL

Cont
The cytoplasm is composed of:
Cytosol
Suspended particles and organelles.
Organelles are specialzed structured and include:
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
ER
Free ribosomes

THE CELL

Cont

THE CELL

THE CELL

Cytoplasm:
Structure: gel-like material found inside the cell, made of
water, salts, and organic materials.
Function: holds the organelles, keeps them separate

Cell Organelles

Mitochondria:
powerhouse of the cell
Self replicative
Structure:
two lipid bilayer membranes
outer membrane
inner membrane shelves with attached oxidative
enzymes
Matrix; contains necessary enzymes
Function: transform the energy in food to energy the cell
can use to drive chemical reactions.

Mitochondria

Formation of ATP

Uses of ATP

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Ultra-microscopic organelle
which are present in all
Eukaryotes, responsible for the
protein, carbohydrates, lipids
and steroid hormone synthesis are
called
Endoplasmic Reticulum.

Cell Organelles

Endoplasmic Reticulum:
Structure: tubular & flat vesicular
Interconnected with one another
made of lipid bilayer along with protein
Endoplasmic matrix
Location: located next to the nuclear membrane and
connected to it
Functions:
Conduction
Metabolism

Types of ER

Smooth ER:
does not contain ribosomes,
makes lipids, transports proteins
Drugs detoxification
Contain enzymes for glycogen breakdown
Rough ER:
contains ribosomes
makes proteins

Cell Organelles

Golgi Body:
Structure: 4 or more stacked layers of thin, flat enclosed
vesicles
Location: near the nucleus
Function:
packages proteins from the ER
Synthesize certain CHO
hyaluronic acid & chondroitin sulfate
Lysosomes/ secretory vesicles
distribute them around or outside of the cell.
Prominent in secretory cells

Structure
Distinct cup like structure
Separated from nucleus by Rough ER
Consists of a number of flattened
membranous cisterns arranged in a stacked
with associated vacuoles and vesicles
surrounding its surface.

Functions
It act as sorting device,receive protein from
RoughER.
Reject those proteins having no signal or
transiet peptide region.
Golgi complex receive synthesized protein
from its cis side by Rough ER through
transfer vesicles.

Formation of proteins, lipids & vesicles from ER &

GA

Cell Organelles

Ribosomes:
Structure:
made of RNA and proteins
Function:
produce proteins
Location:
Free in cytosol
attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.

Lysosomes

Formed from Golgi apparatus

Structure:
lipid bilayer
Sac filled with enzymes
Hydrolases
Compound + water
Proteins. a.a
Glycogen...Glucose
Lipids..Fatty acid & glycerol

Lysosomes

Bactericidal agents
Lysozymes
Dissolve the bacterial cell membrane
Lysoferrin
Binds iron
Acid
Activates hydrolases & inactivates bacterial metabolism

Auto-phagy

Hetero Phagy

Relationship of Lysosomes with Disease:

Lysosomal membrane release their enclosed hydrolases

in response to certain circumstances, such as ionizing
radiation, some carcinogens, silica particles, asbestos
dust, heat and certain drugs; cell death may take place in
some cases, or the genome may undergo mutation
leading to malignancies.

Relationship of Lysosomes with Disease:

In case of hyperuricemia, uric acid entering the cell may

damage the lysosomal membrane releasing hydolases
that lead to gouty arthritis.

Osteoclasts of bones may release lysosomal hydrolases

that cause the erosion of bones.

Relationship of Lysosomes with Disease:

Lipofusin: indigestible residue of the breakdown of cellular

material ,rich in protein and lipids.it is the age pigment which
has been implicated in ageing process.

Lysosomal Storage Desease:

There are more than 30 different lysosomal storage

diseases and these are classified on the basis of the nature
of the stored material.
Salient features of these diseases are the involvement of
nervous system
Kidney
Muscles
Liver
spleen
Heart
Bones.

Nucleus

Control center of the cell

Contain DNA (genes)
Protein synthesis
Reproduction
Nuclear envelope
Double layer
Outer memb continuous with ER
Nuclear pores
Nucleoli
No membrane
RNA and proteins

Structure of nucleus

Cell Organelles

Chromatin

Substance of chromosomes:
Consist of mostly DNA
Small amount of RNA is also present.
Chromatin is the combination of DNA and Proteins. Most
important proteins are Histones. (5 types)
It occur in Two forms:
Euchromatin
Heterochromatin

Role of Histones:

Responsible for Packaging of chromosomal DNA into a form

called Nucleosome that represent primary level of DNA
organization

Peroxisomes

Important organelles specially present in liver

and kidney.
Microbodies and lined by single membrane
and rich in enzymes.
Synthesized on polyribosomes and fold prior
to entry into them
Peroxins are involved in their production.

Peroxisomes

Involved in metabolism of
cholesterol,plasmalogen bile acids,D-amino
acids and HO.
Xenobiotics (detoxification of drugs)
Oxidation of D-amino acids

Role of peroxisomes in oxidation

Peroxisomal fattyacyl-CoA synthetase is for
very long chain fatty acids.e.g hexacoanoic
acid (26 C)
oxidation occuring in peroxisomes cause
the FADH2 to produce H2O2 .

Peroxisomes

Formed by self replication / SER

Intracellular digestive system
Oxidize poisonous subs. as alcohol
Enzymes:
Oxidases
Oxygen + Hydrogen = Hydrogen peroxide
Catalases

Zellwegir syndrome
Genetic defects causing lack of
peroxisomes assembly factor-1.proteins
required for the formation of peroxisomes,
will not formed.
Cause accumulation of very long fatty acid
chain occur.also defect in bile acid synthesis.
Neurologoical impairment occur at birth.

Sign and symptoms of Zellwegir

syndrom
Infants experience muscle weakness
Poor feeding
Hearing and vision loss
Skeletal abnormalities
Donot survive beyond the first year of life.

Endosome

Means a vesicle that has lost its coat of clathrin, a protien

that lines the coated the pits of plasma membrane.

Four classes of endosome:

Early Endosome
Recycling Endosome
Multivesicular Bodies
Late Endosome

Endosome

Means a vesicle that has lost its coat of clathrin, a protien

that lines the coated the pits of plasma membrane.

Four classes of endosome:

Early Endosome
Recycling Endosome
Multivesicular Bodies
Late Endosome

JAZAAK-ALLAH KHAIR