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RESEARCH METHODS
Reported by: Diana Anne G. Cabayao
MaEd (Methods of Research)
Presentation Outline
QUANTITATIVE
Typically a probability-based
sample
Non-generalizable
Generalizable
Individual Interviews
Focus Groups
Observations
Ethnography
Action Research
Interviews can be
Unstructured
Can be referred to as depth or in depth interviews
They have very little structure at all
The interviewer may be discussing a limited
number of topics
The interviewer may frame or limit the interview
questions based on the interviewee and his
previous response
Involves the researcher wanting to know a specific
topic without a structure as to how they will deal
with the topic
Interviews can be
Semi Structured
Sometimes called focused interviews
A series of open ended questions based on
topic areas the researcher wants to cover
Allows the researcher to prompt or
encourage the interviewee if they are
looking for more information
Works best when the interviewed has a
number of areas he wants to be addressed
Interviews can be
Structured
The researcher asks the respondent
the same questions the same way
A tightly structured schedule is used
The questions may be phrased in
order that a limited range of responses
may be given
Focus Groups
Sometimes used when it is better to
obtain information from a group
rather than individuals
The aim of the focus group is to
make use of participants feelings,
perceptions and opinions
Observation
May take place in natural settings and involve
the researcher taking lengthy and descriptive
notes of what is happening
Some times the researcher becomes or needs
to become the participant observer
Sometimes obtain more reliable information
about certain things
It can also serve as a technique for verifying
or nullifying provided information in face to
face encounters
Observation
Limitations with observation
include:
Change in peoples behavior when they
know they are being observed
A snap shot view of the whole situation
Think Pinoy Big Brother
Researcher may miss something while
taking notes
Researcher may make judgments of make
value statements
Observation
Strengths of observation
include:
Can offer a flavor of what is happening
Can give an insight into the bigger
picture
Can demonstrate sub-groups
Can be used to assist in the design of
the rest of the research
Video recording
Allows the researcher to also record notes
Ethnography
Means portrait of people
It is a methodology for descriptive
studies of culture and people
Looks at the people, cultures and
commonalities of shared experiences
Entails extensive fieldwork by the
researcher
Action Research
Does not involve asking about it, it
involves DOING IT
It is a framework that is
Collaborative
Practical intervention made
Researcher is actively involved in the
planned intervention
Historical
Systematic collection and objective
evaluation of data related to past
occurrences in order to test hypotheses
concerning causes, effects or trends of
these events that may help to explain