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BOILERS ARE,ARBITRARILY,DESCRIBED AS
Coil Type
Fire Tube
Water Tube
ASME Guidelines for Water Quality in
Modern Industrial Water Tube Boilers
••Primary
Primary
•• Clarifiers
Clarifiers
•• Lime
Lime Soda
Soda Softener
Softener
•• Sodium
Sodium Zeolite
Zeolite Softener
Softener
Secondary
Secondary
•• Demineralizer
Demineralizer
•• Dealkalizers
Dealkalizers
•• Reverse
Reverse Osmosis
Osmosis
Problems associated with boiler water
• Scaling
• Corrosion
• Priming (formation of droplets)
• Carryover in the steam (of volatile
minerals)
Scale
Many
Many solids,
solids, soluble
soluble in
in boiler
boiler feedwater,
feedwater, precipitate
precipitate inin
the
the boiler
boiler water.
water. This
This happens
happens due due to
to change
change in in
chemistry
chemistry of of water
water when
when going
going from
from feedwater
feedwater to to
boiler
boiler water
water conditions,
conditions, inverse
inverse solubility
solubility of
of some
some
salts
salts like
like carbonate
carbonate which
which will
will combine
combine with
with calcium
calcium
to
to form
form calcium
calcium carbonate,
carbonate, aa relatively
relatively insoluble
insoluble salt.
salt.
Magnesium
Magnesium hydroxide
hydroxide and
and iron
iron oxide
oxide are
are also
also
produced
produced by by changes
changes inin water
water chemistry.
chemistry.
Effect of Scale
Scale Formation Reactions
6
Energy Loss %
2 Iron + Silica
High Iron Content
1
"Normal" Scale
0
1/64 1/32 3/64 1/16
Scale Thickness - Inches
Prevention of scaling
Solubilizing programs
Precipitating Programs
Coordinated phosphate - pH programs.
Congruent phosphate
Filming amines
How Does Corrosion Occur in a Boiler?
How Does Corrosion Occur in a Boiler?
Oxygen
Oxygen attack
attack on
on steel
steel can
can be
be decreased
decreased by
by maintaining
maintaining an
an alkaline
alkaline pH
pH
and
and limiting
limiting the
the oxygen
oxygen concentration.
concentration.
The
The factors
factors affecting
affecting oxygen
oxygen scavenging
scavenging reaction
reaction rates
rates include:
include:
•• Oxygen
Oxygen concentration
concentration
•• Presence
Presence ofof aa catalyst
catalyst
•• Reaction
Reaction time
time
•• pH
pH
•• Temperature
Temperature
•• Scavenger
Scavenger feed
feed rate
rate and
and decomposition
decomposition
Acidic Boiler Water
CAUSTIC GOUGING
BOILER WATER ENTERS THROUGH POROUS DEPOSITS
Conc
NaOH
Mechanically
Chemical
Mechanical
Degasser
Deaerater
Tray type
Spray type
Purpose of a Deaerator
Sodium BiSulphite
Na22SO33
Hydrazine
DEHA
Carbohydrazide
Condensate System
Make-up Water
Primary Secondary
Pretreatment Pretreatment
Condensate
Steam Header
Deaerator
Boiler Chemical
Feed
Systems
Feedwater
Blowdown
Why you need a condensate recovery ?
Corrosion
How Does Corrosion Occur?
How Does Corrosion Occur?
Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide
Oxygen Corrosion
Oxygen Enters the Steam/
Condensate System
Oxygen Enters the Steam/
Condensate System
From Feedwater
Oxygen Enters the Steam/
Condensate System
From Feedwater
Draw in Under Vacuum as Steam
Condenses
Carbonic Acid Corrosion
Carbon Dioxide Can Enter the
Steam/Condensate System